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Anatomy > integumentary system > Flashcards

integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are the epidermis made of

A

stratified squamous epithelium cells with keratin

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2
Q

what cells are the dermis made of

A

fibrous CT areolar and dense containing elastin and collagen

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3
Q

what cells are the hypodermis made of

A

areolar and adipose

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4
Q

what happens to the cells in the epidermis

A

proliferation and renewal

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5
Q

what do the epidermis and dermis form

A

a basement layer

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6
Q

what are the 5 layers of the skin

A

basal
prickly
granular
clear and cornified

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7
Q

what are keratinocytes

A

cell which develop at the bottom and rise to the top where they are shed from the surface as dead cells they produce fibrous protein keratin

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8
Q

what are Langerhans cells

A

they engulf foreign material that invade the epidermis and migrate out of the cell to stimulate immune response

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9
Q

what are melanocytes

A

located at the bottom of the epidermis they produce the pigment melanin which protects use from UV light it forms a protective shields on the outer face of the nucleus shielding the genetic material from damage

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10
Q

what are merkel cells

A

present at junction of the dermis and epidermis associated with touch

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11
Q

layers and event of epidermis

A

basal - mitosis of stem cells
prickely- upward migration of ketarinocytes
granular - mulitple synthesis to form cornified cells
cormified - dead but attached

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12
Q

what do keritinocytes produce

A

keratin

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13
Q

function of keratin

A
  1. waterproof and protect skin and underlying tissues from heat light chemicals and microbes
  2. nuclei degenerate and cell die as they are pushed to the top
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14
Q

what does the basal layer contain

A

stem cells capable of continuous cell division and melanocytes

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15
Q

name the process by which cell are removed from the body

A

desquamation

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16
Q

how long does it take cells to travel from the basal layer to the surface

A

25-45 days

4-6 weeks

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17
Q

describe the prickly layer

A

contains 8-10 layers of cells which fit closely together. cells are in a weblike system of intermediate pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes .cells appear to be covers in spines

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18
Q

what cells are abundant in the prickly layer

A

melanin and Langerhans cells

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19
Q

describe the granular layer

A

thin layer of flattened cells

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20
Q

what develops in the granular layer

A

keratohyalin precursor to keratin and nuclei are a various stages of deterioration

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21
Q

where is clear layer not present

A

eyelids- thin skin

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22
Q

describe clear layer

A

flat dead keratinocyte cells

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23
Q

describe cornified layer

A

many layers of flat dead keratinized cells completely filled with keratin continuously shedding

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24
Q

functions of the cornified layer

A

protect from abrasion and penetration
waterproof
barriers against bio chem or phys assaluts

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25
Q

what are the three pigments that give skin a variety of colours

A

melanin
carotene
haemoglobin

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26
Q

describe melanin

A

same no of melenocytes in every race however the amount of melanin produced changes. melanin can accumulate in freckles
melanin is synthesised by AA tyrosine uv light stimulates increased production

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27
Q

describe carotene

A

yellowed orange pigment most noticeable in the soles of feet

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28
Q

describe haemoglobin

A

pinkish hue of skin

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29
Q

describe the dermis

A

its the strong flexible CT layer under the epidermis

30
Q

what’s embedded in the dermis

A

blood vessels nerves oil glands sweat glands hair follicles

31
Q

what cells are present in the dermis

A

fibroblast macrophages mast cells and WBC

32
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

33
Q

what is present in the papillary tissue

A

loose areolar CT

34
Q

features of the papillary layer

A
  • extends towards the epidermis

- contains dermal papillae lymph vessels callipary loops hair follicles free nerve endings

35
Q

what tissue is present in the reticular layers

A

dense irregular CT

36
Q

features of the reticular layer

A
  • contains collegen elastin and reticular fibers

-

37
Q

what tissues does the hypodermis contain

A

fibroblast adipose and macrophages

38
Q

features of the hypodermis

A
  • connect to underlying organs

- deeper nerve endings (Pacinian corpuscles ) pressure sensitive

39
Q

functions of the skin

A
  1. synthesis of vit D
  2. regulate body temp
  3. protection
  4. sensation
  5. excretion
  6. immunity
  7. blood reserve
40
Q

how does the skin synthesis vit D

A

synthesis begins with a precursor molecule in the skin which is activated by UV rays enzymes from the liver and kidney modify the activated molecule producing calcitriol which contributes to homeostasis by aiding absorption of Ca from food

41
Q

what role does vit D play in body

A
  • regulates the Ca and P levels in blood by prompting their absorption from food in the intertine and reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys
  • promotes bone formation and mineralisation
  • inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion from the parathyroid gland
  • promotes immunity by promotjing immunosuppression, phagocytosis and anti tumour activity
42
Q

what does a deficiency in vitamin D cause

A
  • impaired bone mineralisation leading to bone softening

- linked to forms of cancer

43
Q

how can vit D be deficient

A
  • inadequate intake coupled with inadequate sunlight
  • disorders that limit its absorption
  • disorders that impair convection of vit D into active metabolites
44
Q

describe the sebaceous gland

A

the gland empty via ducts into the base of the hair follicles and secrete fat waxes and hydrocarbons

45
Q

function of the sebaceous gland

A
  • keeping the hair supple
  • prevent excessive evaporation of water from the skin
  • keeps skin soft and pliable
  • inhibites growth of certain bacteria and promptes growth of other bacteria
  • during puberty increased sex hormone levels leads to increased sebum
46
Q

what are the two types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine sweat gland

apocrine gland

47
Q

describe the eccrine gland

A

coiled ducts deep in the skin that connect to the surface made of water salt and fats

48
Q

describe the apocrine gland

A

are in the armpits areolae of nipples and the genital region cause body odour secretion contains fatty substances proteins and pheromones -olfactory communication

49
Q

name two Specialised Apocrine Glands

A

ceruminous and mammary glands

50
Q

what are ceruminous glands

A

glands in the external ear canal that secrete earwax or cerumen

51
Q

what are mammary glands

A

glands in the female breast that secrete milk

52
Q

what cells are hair made of

A

they are made of cornified threads of dead keratinised cells

53
Q

what id the difference between the keratin in skin and the keratin in hair

A

the hair contains hard keratin which is more durable than the soft keratin in skin

54
Q

why does hair turn grey

A

decrease in melanin production and increase in air bubbles in shaft

55
Q

functions of hair

A
  • altering the body to prevent inscets on the body

- gaurding the scalp against heat loss head trauma and sunlight

56
Q

parts of the hair

A 
shaft 
--medulla (soft keritin and air )
--cortex (hard keratin and pigment)
--cuticle (hard keratin ) split ends 
root
--hair follicle made of hair bulb hair papilla arrector pili hair root plexus
57
Q

what provides hair with nutrient for growth

A

papilla a CT protrusion that contains capillaries

58
Q

function of the hair follicle receptor

A

sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb stimulated by bending a hair

59
Q

describe the arrector pili

A

smooth muscle attached to follicle

60
Q

what is the nail

A

modified epithelium

61
Q

describe the cells of the nail

A

hard keratinised cells

62
Q

function of nails

A

grasp scratch and protect fingers and toes

63
Q

components of nail

A

lunula body roof free edge

64
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A 
temperature regulation 
cutaneous sensation 
metabolic function 
blood reservoir 
excretion 
protection 
water resistance
65
Q

how does the integumentary system control temp

A

hypothalamus id the brains control of temperature if its to high it denatures proteins hyperthermia and if its to low arrhythmia of heart beat hypothermia

66
Q

how does the skin cool us

A

skin is an effector organ and can cool the body by sweating hair lies flat to cool down blood flow to dermis is increased (hot blood brought near surface )

67
Q

how does the skin heat us

A

sweating inhibited
blood flow decreased
hair follicles become erect

68
Q

the integumentary systems role as a sensory organ

A

contains free nerves and specialised detectors
merkel discs
paccinian corpuscles pressure
hair root plexus

69
Q

integumentary systems role as a blood reservoir

A

capillaries in the dermis Carrie 8-10% of blood flow

in situations of stress the blood is withdrawn to organs

70
Q

integumentary systems role in excretion

A

sweat gland which remove heat and some water ions and organic compounds

71
Q

integumentary systems role in protection

A

pyhsical barries that prevents physical abrasion deyhdration uv friction biological barries langerhans and macrophages chemical barier sebum

Anatomy (12 decks)

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