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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane composed of

A
  1. epidermis

2. dermis

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2
Q

what type of tissue is the epidermis

A

epithelium

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3
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis

A

connective tissue

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4
Q

what are the 2 components of integumentary system

A
  1. skin / cutaneous mem

2. accessory structures

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5
Q

what are 3 accessory structures

A
  1. exocrine glands
  2. hair
  3. nails
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6
Q

what are functions of the skin (6)

A 
barrier 
protection 
thermoregulation 
sensation 
metabolic functions 
social functions
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7
Q

how does skin act as a barrier

A

prevents penetration from outside

prevents release from inside

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8
Q

what are exceptions

A

UV radiation (from outside) comes in
(helps with vitD production)
sweat (from inside) goes out

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9
Q

what is thermoregulation referring to

A

blood vessels constricts to retain heat

blood vessels dilate to release heat

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10
Q

what metabolic functions being referred to

A
  1. vitD synthesis

2. storage of en as subcutaneous fat

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11
Q

what are the 5 layers of epidermis from deep to superficial

A
  1. stratum basale (basal layer)
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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12
Q

what are characteristics of cells that can be found across 5 layers

A

keratinized
stratified
squamous

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13
Q

what do cells of epithelium produce

A

keratin

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14
Q

what is keratin

A

tough protein

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15
Q

STRATUM BASALE what does layer contain

A

stem cells

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16
Q

STRATUM BASALE what does layer produce

A

basil lamina

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17
Q

STRATUM BASALE what does basil lamina stick to

A

dermis (connective tissue)

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18
Q

STRATUM BASALE what do basil lamina + connective tissue form

A

basil mem

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19
Q

STRATUM BASALE what do stem cells give rise to when they multiply

A

keratinocytes

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20
Q

STRATUM BASALE what is the function of keratinocytes

A
  1. produce keratin
  2. new keratinocytes replace old keratinocytes
  3. phagocytize melanin granules to protect DNA from UV radiation
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21
Q

STRATUM BASALE where are merkel / tactile cells abundant

A

where skin has no hair

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22
Q

STRATUM BASALE what is function of merkel / tactile cells

A

touch sensation

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23
Q

STRATUM BASALE where are axons of merkel / tactile cells found

A

dermis

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24
Q

STRATUM BASALE what is function of melanocytes

A
  1. synthesize melanin pigment

2. transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes

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25
Q

STRATUM BASALE what do melanocytes have

A

long + slender processes that insert bw keratinocytes

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26
Q

STRATUM BASALE what does number of melanocytes depend on

A

region of body

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27
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM what 2 epithelium cells does layer contain

A
  1. keratinocytes

2. langerhans / dendritic cells

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28
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM what do keratinocytes contain

A

tono filaments

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29
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM what do tono filaments cause

A

keratinocytes flatten

keratinocytes reach for other keratinocytes

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30
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM what is function of desmosomes

A

attach keratinocytes

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31
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM what are langerhans

A

type of macrophage originating from bone marrow that migrate to epidermis

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32
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM what is function of langerhans

A

phagocytosis
capture pathogens
offer pathogens to immune system

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33
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM where can langerhans be found

A

epidermis of

  1. oral cavity
  2. esophagus
  3. anal cavity
  4. vaginal cavity
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34
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is produced in layer

A

keratohyalin granules

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35
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is stratum granulosum

A

2-5 layers of flat keratinocytes

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36
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what do keratinocytes secrete

A

lipid filled vesicles

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37
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what do vesicles fill

A

spaces bw the keratinocytes

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38
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is the purpose of filling spaces

A

act as sealant

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39
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what does sealant cause

A

keratinocyte death in layers above

nutrients not diffusing

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40
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is a callus made of

A

excess keratin

excess lipid

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41
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM where do calluses form

A

in areas of high mechanical abrasion

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42
Q

STATUM LUCIDUM what does layer contain

A
  1. large amounts of keratin

2. thickened plasma

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43
Q

STATUM LUCIDUM what are cells lacking

A
  1. nucleus

2. other organelles

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44
Q

STATUM LUCIDUM what kind of skin is layer found in

A
  1. palmer

2. plantar

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45
Q

STRATUM CONEUM what does layer contain

A

layers of flattened + dead keratinocytes

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46
Q

STRATUM CONEUM what is dander

A

keratinocytes that get shed

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47
Q

STRATUM CONEUM what does layer provide

A

protection against

  1. abrasion
  2. microbial invasion
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48
Q

what do keratinocytes do at night

A

mitosis

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49
Q

what do keratinocytes do during day

A

shed

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50
Q

what can accelerate mitosis / cell division

A
  1. injury

2. mechanical stress

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51
Q

what does accelerated mitosis result in

A

more keratinocytes
more keratin
more calluses

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52
Q

what kind of interface is epidermal -dermal

A

peak + valley

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53
Q

what does peak + valley interface allow

A

tight bond

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54
Q

where is dermal papilla tall

A

in sensitive areas

to allow nerve fibres+ capillaries to reach surface

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55
Q

where is interface unique to each person

A

fingers

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56
Q

what are 2 layers of dermis

A
  1. papillary

2. reticular

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57
Q

what does papillary layer contain

A
  1. areolar loose CT
  2. nerve endings for touch, temp, pain
  3. capillaries (WBC)
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58
Q

what does papillary layer do

A

increase area of contact w dermis

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59
Q

what does reticular layer contain

A
  1. dense irregular CT
  2. collagen fibers
  3. elastic fibers
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60
Q

what do fibres provide

A

extensibility + elasticity to skin

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61
Q

what is bw the collagen + elastic fibres (6)

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. nerves
  3. lymphatics
  4. hair follicles
  5. glands
  6. adipocytes
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62
Q

what layer do skeletal muscles of face attach to

63
Q

how do collagen fibres align in reticular layer of dermis

A

along lines of tension

64
Q

what does alignment of collagen fibres along lines of tension form

A

lines of cleavage

65
Q

how do surgeons cut

A

along lines of cleavage

66
Q

why do surgeons cut along lines of cleavage

A

wound closes + heals nicely

67
Q

what happens if surgeons cut perpendicular to lines of cleavage

68
Q

what is keloid

A

scar tissue

raised skin

69
Q

how do stretch marks form

A
  1. stretch collagen fibres

2. stretch blood vessels

70
Q

what happens when blood vessels stretch

A

red streak to white streak

71
Q

what is hypodermis / superficial fascia / subcutaneous tissue

A

layer under skin

72
Q

what is function of hypodermis

A

stabilize position of epidermis relative to underlying tissue

73
Q

what does hypodermis contain

74
Q

what does loose CT do

A

stores fat

  1. pads body
  2. energy reservoir
  3. thermal insulation
75
Q

what causes skin tone to vary

A
  1. thickness of skin
  2. thickness of dermal papillae
  3. pigments
    a. melanin
    b. Hb
    c. carotene
76
Q

what stimulates melanin synthesis

A

light / UV exposure

77
Q

freckles / moles

A

accum of melanin

78
Q

albinism

A

lack of melanin

79
Q

what causes pink hue of skin

A
  1. blood vessel dilation
  2. increase blood flow to skin
  3. ox Hb
80
Q

where can melanin be found

A
  1. stratum basale

2. stratum spinosum

81
Q

where can Hb be found

A

dermal blood vessels

82
Q

where can carotene be found

A
  1. stratum corneum

2. hypodermis

83
Q

what is 1st degree burn

84
Q

what does 1st degree burn cause

A
  1. erythema ==> pooling of RBC
  2. mild pain
  3. flaking
85
Q

what is 2nd degree burn

A

epidermis + some dermis

86
Q

what does 2nd degree burn cause

A
  1. blister, edema, redness
  2. pain
  3. scarring
87
Q

what is 3rd degree burn

A

epidermis + dermis + hypodermis

88
Q

what does 3rd degree burn cause

A

loss of skin function
numb (sensory nerve endings burnt off)
granulation formation

89
Q

what is merocrine mechanism of secretion

A

normal exocytosis

90
Q

what is apocrine mechanism of secretion

A

release of apical surface

91
Q

what is halocrine mechanism of secretion

A

release of entire cell

92
Q

what are 4 types of exocrine cutaneous glands

A
  1. sweat glands
  2. sebaceous
  3. ceruminous
  4. mammary
93
Q

what do sweat glands secrete

A
  1. water

2. electrolytes

94
Q

how do sweat glands secrete water + electrolytes

A
  1. merocrine

2. apocrine

95
Q

what do sebaceous glands secrete

A

sebum ==> oily lipid

96
Q

how do sebaceous glands secrete sebum

97
Q

what do ceruminous glands secrete

98
Q

how do ceruminous glands secrete ear wax

99
Q

what do mammary glands secrete

A

breast milk

100
Q

how do mammary glands secrete breast mily

101
Q

APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what does apocrine sweat gland secrete

A

odiferous sweat

102
Q

APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what is odiferous sweat

A
  1. water
  2. electrolytes
  3. proteins + lipids
103
Q

APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS where can apocrine sweat glands be found

A

specific (body regions)

104
Q

APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what influences apocrine sweat glands

105
Q

APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what stimulates apocrine sweat glads

A
  1. sweat

2. arousal

106
Q

MEROCRINE what does merocrine sweat gland secrete

A

normal sweat

107
Q

MEROCRINE what is normal sweat

A
  1. water

2. electrolytes

108
Q

MEROCRINE where can merocrine sweat glands be found

A

widespread

109
Q

MEROCRINE what controls merocrine glands

110
Q

MEROCRINE what is function of merocrine glands

A

regulate body temp

111
Q

what does duct of sebaceous gland open onto

A
  1. hair follicle

2. skin

112
Q

what is function of sebum

A

keep hair + skin from drying out

113
Q

what is acne

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands + follicles

114
Q

what does inflammation result in

A
  1. blockage of ducts

2. bacterial infection of glands

115
Q

when does inflammation occur

A

onset of puberty

  1. glands increase in size
  2. sebum secretion increases
116
Q

HAIR what is pilus / hair

A

filament made of dead + keratinized cells

117
Q

HAIR what is follicle

A

tube that pilus / hair grows in

118
Q

HAIR what does hair not cover

A
  1. volar skin (hands +feet)
  2. lips
  3. nipples
  4. genitalia
119
Q

HAIR what are 3 types of hair

A
  1. lanugo
  2. vellus
  3. terminal
120
Q

HAIR where can lanugo hair be found

121
Q

HAIR where can vellus hair be found

A

most body surfaces (i.e. arm)

122
Q

HAIR what are characteristics of terminal hair

A
  1. coarse
  2. pigmented
  3. long
123
Q

HAIR what are 4 functions of hair

A
  1. UV protection
  2. thermal insulation
  3. particle filtration in eye + nose
    4 touch sensation
124
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY where can bulb be found

A

deep in dermis

125
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY where can root be found

126
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY where can shaft be found

A

above skin

127
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what does bulb contain

128
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what does shaft contain

A

shaft of hair

129
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what are 2 types of sheaths

A
  1. CT root sheath

2. epithelial root sheath

130
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what associates w root sheaths

A

hair receptor

131
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what is hair papilla

A

blood vessels in bulb of follicle

132
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what is function of hair papilla

A

nutrition ==> basal layer (of epidermis)

133
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what does erector pili muscle connect

A

dermal collagen fibers + root sheaths

134
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what stimulates erector pili muscles

A

sympathetic NS

135
Q

what influences texture of hair (coarse vs fine)

136
Q

what influences colour of hair

A

pigment cells of cortex

137
Q

what does medulla (core) contain

A
  1. loosely arranged cells

2. air

138
Q

what does cortex contain

A

keratinized pigment cells

139
Q

what does cuticle contain

A

scaly cells

140
Q

what is function of cuticle

A

resist puling on hair

141
Q

when is hair grey

A

more air + less pigment

142
Q

when is hair white

A

all air + no pigment

143
Q

HAIR GROWTH what happens in growth stage (4)

A
  1. stem cells in basal layer multiply forming bulge
  2. dermal papilla down
  3. cells added to roots of hair
  4. cells pushed up + keratinized as stem cells cont. dividing
144
Q

HAIR GROWTH how long is growth stage

145
Q

HAIR GROWTH what happens in regression stage (3)

A
  1. stem cells in basal layer don’t multiply
  2. dermal papilla up
  3. loosen hair attachment to follicle
146
Q

HAIR GROWTH what happens in rest stage (2)

A
  1. lose hair attachment to follicle

2. root of hair falls off

147
Q

NAIL what is hair root

A

stratum basale / basal layer

148
Q

NAIL what does basal layer contain

A

stem cells

149
Q

NAIL what is the function of stem cells

150
Q

NAIL what happens to new cells

A

cells pushed up + keratinized as stem cells cont dividing

151
Q

NAIL what colour is nail body (epithelial cells)

152
Q

NAIL what colour is dermal layer

153
Q

NAIL what epithelial layer is cuticle + nail body

A

stratum corneum

ANAT 200 (9 decks)

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