ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up endocrine system

A
  1. glands

2. endocrine tissue

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2
Q

FUNCTIONS what are functions of endocrine system

A
  1. secrete hormones / chemical messengers into blood
  2. integrate activities of organs / organ system
  3. maintain homeostasis (w nervous system)
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3
Q

FUNCTIONS what is glandular epithelium composed of

A

specialized cells / endocrine cells

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4
Q

FUNCTIONS what is the function of specialized cells / endocrine cells

A
  1. synthesize hormones
  2. store hormones
  3. secrete hormones
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5
Q

FUNCTIONS what are 2 types of glands

A
  1. endocrine glands

2. exocrine glands

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS where do exocrine glands release secretions

A

ducts that lead to epithelial surface

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7
Q

FUNCTIONS where do endocrine glands release secretions

A

blood

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8
Q

HORMONES what is a hormone

A
  • chemical messenger tat - produced by endocrine cell
  • secreted by endocrine cell
  • travels through circulation to target tissue
  • acts of target cells within target tissue
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9
Q

HORMONES what is required for hormone to have effect on target tissue

A

ligand-receptor interaction

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10
Q

HORMONES what hormones are derived from proteins

A
  1. amino acid derivatives

2. peptide hormones

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11
Q

HORMONES what do peptide hormones contain

A

multiple aa

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12
Q

HORMONES what hormones are derived from lipids

A
  1. steroid hormones

2. eicosanoid hormones

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13
Q

HORMONES what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

HORMONES what are eicosanoid hormones derived from

A

fatty acids

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15
Q

HORMONES why might eicosanoid not be considered hormone

A

acts locally

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16
Q

THYROID where is thyroid gland located

A

anterior to trachea

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17
Q

THYROID what joins R and L thyroid gland

A

isthmus

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18
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what are follicular cells

A

T thyrocytes

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19
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES where are follicular cells located

A

outside of follicle

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20
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is function of follicular cell

A
  1. produce thyroglobulin
  2. store thyroglobulin in lumen of follicle
  3. pump iodine into lumen of follicle
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21
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what happens to iodine that is pumped into lumen of follicle

A

added to thyroglobulin

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22
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is thyroglobulin

A

hormone precursor

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23
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is colloid

A

protein-reich fluid in lumen

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24
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is the function of colloid

A

store thyroglobulin

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25
Q

TSH what is the function of TSH

A

stimulate thyrocytes to remove Tg from lumen

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26
Q

TSH what happens when Tg removed from lumen

A

cleaved by lysosome

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27
Q

TSH what happens after Tg cleared by lysosome

A

T3 and T4 fragments go into blood

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28
Q

THYROID HORMONES what hormone class do thyroid hormones belong to

A

amino acid derivative hormones

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29
Q

THYROID HORMONES what are thyroid hormones

A

derivatives of tyrosine w added iodine

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30
Q

THYROID HORMONES what are 2 thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

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31
Q

THYROID HORMONES which thyroid hormone secreted more

A

T4

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32
Q

THYROID HORMONES which is more active thyroid hormone

A

T3

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33
Q

THYROID HORMONES what is the function of thyroid hormones

A

regulate metabolism

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34
Q

THYROID HORMONE REG how are T3 and T4 released

A
  1. hypothalamus releases TRH
  2. TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH
  3. TSH stimulates thyroid glands to release Tg
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35
Q

THYROID HORMONE REG what happens when T3 and T4 levels become too high

A

feed back to inhibit hypothalamus from releasing TRH

feedback to inhibit pituitary to from releasing TSH

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36
Q

PITUITARY where does pituitary gland sit

A

sella tutica

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37
Q

PITUITARY what is anterior lobe

A

adenohypophysis

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38
Q

PITUITARY what does adenohypophysis contain

A

epithelial cells

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39
Q

PITUITARY what is posterior lobe

A

neurohypohysis

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40
Q

PITUITARY what does neurohypophysis contain

A

nerve terminals

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41
Q

PITUITARY what is portal system

A

vein that connects capillary be in hypothalamus to capillary bed in anterior pituitary

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42
Q

PITUITARY what are neuro secretory cells

A

neurons in hypothalamus

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43
Q

PITUITARY where do axon terminals of neuro secretory cells terminate

A

primary capillary plexus

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44
Q

PITUITARY what happens when neuro secretory cells fire AP

A
  1. AP travels to primary capillary plexus
  2. AP travels to portal vein
  3. AP travels to adenohypophysis (Secondary capillary plexus)
  4. glandular cells release hormones
  5. hormones travel through efferent veins
45
Q

PITUITARY what is the function of superior hypophyseal artery

A

feed primary capillary plexus

46
Q

PITUITARY where would TRH get released

A

primary capillary plexus

47
Q

PITUITARY where would TSH get release

A

secondary capillary plexus

48
Q

PITUITARY what are 7 anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. hCG
  2. TSH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. prolactin
  6. ACTH
  7. MSH
49
Q

PITUITARY what is the function of hCG (4)

A
  1. stimulate growth
  2. stimulate metabolism
  3. stimulate protein synthesis
  4. catabolize fat
50
Q

PITUITARY what is the function of TSH

A

stimulate production of T3 and T4

51
Q

PITUITARY what is the function of prolactin

A

stimulate mlk production

52
Q

PITUITARY what is the function of ACTH (2)

A
  1. regulate hormone secretion by adrenal cortex

2. stimulate secretion of glucocoticoid (i.e. cortisol)

53
Q

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS what does neurohypophysis contain

A

capillary bed

54
Q

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS what neurosecretory cells innervate capillary bed of neurohypophysis

A
  1. neurosecretory cells of supraoptic nucleus

2. neurosecretory cells of paraventricular nucleus

55
Q

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS what is pathway of AP

A
  1. neruo secretory cells
  2. neuro hypophysis (capillary bed)
  3. efferent veins
56
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what hormones are secreted by posterior pituitary gland

A
  1. oxytocin

2. vasopressin / ADH

57
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what is the function of vasopressin (2)

A
  1. regulate bp

2. regulate urine concentration

58
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what makes ADH

A

neurons of supraoptic nucleus

59
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what is the function of oxytocin (2)

A
  1. stimulate uterine muscle contraction

2. stimulate release of milk from mammary glands

60
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what makes oxytocin

A

neurons of paraventricular nucleus

61
Q

SLOW RESPONSE TO STRESS what is function of neuroendocrine neurons

A

synthesize ADH and CRH

release ADH and CRH

62
Q

SLOW RESPONSE TO STRESS what happens when ADH and CRH released

A
  1. stimulate anterior pituitary to release ACTH

2. ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

63
Q

SLOW RESPONSE TO STRESS AXIS what happens when glucocorticoid levels become too high

A
  • feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit release of CRH

- feedback to anterior pituitary to inhibit release of ACTH

64
Q

ADRENAL GLAND where are adrenal glands located

A

on top of kidneys

65
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is medulla

A

inner portion

66
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is cortex

A

outer portion

67
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of cortex

A

store cholesterol for synthesis of steroid hormones

68
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of corticosteroid

A

homeostasis

69
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what makes up cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasiculata
  3. zona reticularis
70
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of zona glomerulosa

A

produce mineralocorticoids

71
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of mineralocorticoids

A
  • control electrolyte balance

- control fluid balance

72
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of zona fasiculata

A

produce glucocorticoids (in response to ACTH)

73
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what are glucocorticoids involved in

A
  1. homeostasis

2. stress

74
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of zona reticularis

A

produce androgens

75
Q

ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of androgens

A
  1. stimulate armpit hair growth

2. stimulate pubic hair growth

76
Q

CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what kind of cells are chromaffin cells

A

neuroendocrine cells (in adrenal medulla)

77
Q

CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what are chromaffin cells equivalent to

A

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers

78
Q

CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what do chromaffin cells release

A
  1. norepinephrine

2. epinephrine

79
Q

CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what is purpose of norepinephrine + epinephrine release

A

fast response to stress

80
Q

CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what are hormones of adrenal medulla

A
  1. norepinephrine

2. epinephrine

81
Q

FAST RESPONSE TO STRESS what is pathway of AP

A
  1. neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus
  2. pre ganglionic fibers
  3. adrenal medulla
82
Q

FAST RESPONSE TO STRESS where does axon of neuroendocrine cell synapse w preganglionic fibers

A

spinal cord

83
Q

FAST REsPONSE TO STRESS what does adrenal medulla release

A
  1. epinephrine

2. norepinephrine

84
Q

PANCREAS what is pancreas not under control of

A

hypothalamus

pituitary

85
Q

PANCREAS what is anatomy of pancreas

A

cluster of islets (endocrine cells) surrounded by exocrine cless

86
Q

PANCREAS what are 3 types of islets

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. delta
87
Q

PANCREAS what is the function of alpha cells

A

produce and secrete glucagon

88
Q

PANCREAS what is the function of beta cells

A

produce and secrete insulin

89
Q

PANCREAS what is the function of glucagon

A
  1. stimulate glucose synthesis to increase blood glucose

2. mobilize lipid reserves

90
Q

PANCREAS what is the function of insulin

A
  1. stimulate glucose uptake to decrease blood glucose

2. stimulate lipid storage

91
Q

PANCREAS what is diabetes

A

inability to produce insulin

92
Q

PANCREAS what does diabetes lead to

A

elevation of blood glucose

93
Q

PANCREAS what are 2 types of diabetes

A

type 1

type 2

94
Q

PANCREAS what is type 1 / insulin dependent

A
  • autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells
95
Q

PANCREAS what is result of type 1

A

less insulin

96
Q

PANCREAS what is type 2 / non-insulin dependent

A
  • insulin resistance

- insulin-secretory defect

97
Q

PANCREAS what is insulin resistance

A

target cells become less sensitive to insulin

98
Q

OTHER GLANDS what are other endocrine glands

A
  1. parathyroid
  2. gonads
  3. pineal
  4. thymus
99
Q

OTHER GLANDS where are parathyroid glands located

A

posterior to thyroid

100
Q

OTHER GLANDS what do parathyroid glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

101
Q

OTHER GLANDS what is the function of parathyroid hormone

A

increase Ca in blood

102
Q

OTHER GLANDS how can Ca in blood be increased

A

decrease Ca deposition in bone

103
Q

OTHER GLANDS what is the function of calcitonin

A

decrease Ca in blood

104
Q

OTHER GLANDS how can Ca in blood be decreased

A

increase Ca deposition in bone

105
Q

OTHER GLANDS what secretes calcitonin

A

C cells of thyroid gland

106
Q

OTHER GLANDS what does pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

107
Q

OTHER GLANDS what does thymus gland secrete

A

thymic hormones

108
Q

OTHER GLANDS what is thymus associated w

A

T lymphocytes