Instructional Design Flashcards
Drive curriculum
outline what students will be taught
Organized into scope and sequence
Standards
scope
the span of the curriculum
sequence
the repetition and depth of the content.
Objectives
Written by teachers to support standards
clearly state what the student is to accomplish
Written for the purpose of students knowing what they are responsible for mastering.
Teachers can accurately assess student achievement
Objectives
you can achieve instructional alignment that maximizes effectiveness in teaching and learning.
By connecting standards, learning objectives, and assessments,
Audience
Behavior expected of student
content by which the learning occurs
degree of accuracy
Teachers use four parts to write an objective
Audience
The student in the school setting.
Example. The student will……..
Behavior expected of the student
written in the form of a verb that indicated to the teacher that the student is capable of accomplishing the desired outcome.
Example: The student will define……
Content in which learning occurs
the information with which the student is working on
Example: The student will define the parts of speech in a story passage.
Degree of accuracy
level of competence is expected to display
Example: The student will define the parts of speech in a story passage with 100% accuracy.
List standards, objectives, materials, and necessary accommodations for diversity.
Methods for assessing prior knowledge, motivation, teaching a new skills, practicing the skill, evaluating student learning .
Lesson Plans
Blooms Taxonomy
Levels of understanding that proceed from lower level thinking to higher level thinking.
Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
Blooms Taxonomy
Knowledge
Rote memorization of specifics
Terms: Select, define, reproduce, list
Comprehension
explaining information in ones own words
Terms: estimate, describe, classify, discuss
Application
Using information in an actual situation
terms: predict, solve, show, compute
Analysis
Examining the various parts of information
terms: infer, separate, point out, diagram
Synthesis
Constructing something unique by combining information
terms: adapt, rearrange, construct, devise
Evaluation
Appraising information or data
terms: judge, conclude, critique, defend
direct instruction
teach-centered strategy
student-centered isntruction
focuses on guiding students to construct their own understanding
Teach centered has prevailed but student centered that considers prior knowledge, learning styles, affective thoughts, and social or cultural environment maximizes effectiveness.
Instruction
Direct Instruction
teacher centered approach focuses on learning objectives, incorporating well-defined content with teacher-guided instruction.
Direct instruction step one
introduction and review of prior knowledge to focus attention and motivate students.
Direct instruction step two
presentation of information that might include examples, modeling, and an assessment of comprehension.
Direct Instruction step three
Guided practice with supervision and scaffolding provided by the teacher or other students.
Direct instruction step four
independent practice to review and increase competence
Critics argue that direct instruction focuses on bloom’s lower level thinking skills and fails to maintain the complexity of an authentic environment by fragmenting content.
Criticism for Direct Instruction
Suggest it is one of the most effective methods for initially exposing students to concepts or instructing students with cognitive or academic difficulties
advocates of Direct Instruction.
Student- centered approaches to instruction have gained popularity with the rise of
Constructivism
Constructivism
a theory of how an individuals gain knowledge
Students construct their knowledge from experiences through interaction with the environment.
Must have experiences to construct knowledge as opposed to listening to lectures
Constructivism
Requires teachers to provide learning situations and environments that guide students to develop authentic and transferable understanding.
Student Centered Instruction
Student Centered Instruction
Goals and objectives continue to drive this instruction
Discovery Learning Inquiry Method Cooperative Learning Individualized instruction Technology
Five major types of student centered instruction
Discovery Learning
Associated with Jerome Bruner, happens when the teacher organizes the class so students can learn by becoming actively involved.
Happens at preschool level, when little to no direction is provided.
Unguided Discovery
Elementary and Secondary, direction is given by providing a provoking question or scenario to encourage students to explore possible answers and explanations
Guided Discovery
Inquiry Learning
Associated with John Dewey, students formulate hypothesis, collect data, draw conclusions and reflect and evaluate.
Often associated with science, it allows students to gain knowledge of content and process it simultaneously.
Cooperative Learning
Students work in small mixed ability groups that encourage total participation.
Assist students in developing a sense of interdependence , encourages relationships, and facilitates the development of communication, leadership and conflict management.
Cooperative Learning
it success depends on how well teachers communicate their expectations, organize student routines, and monitor process.
Cooperative learning
Groups should be mixed ability.
Cooperative learning guidelines
Placement in groups is determined by their ability to work together,
Cooperative learning guidelines
Common goals established with clear guidelines on outcomes and behavior are provided
Cooperative learning guidelines
Individual task are delegated to encourage group interdependence.
Cooperative learning guidelines
Length of time is predetermined
Cooperative learning guidelines
Final assessment must encompass both performance of the individual and rgroup
Cooperative learning guidelines
Benefits students by providing peer scaffolding, increased opportunities for involvement, enhanced ability to problem solve by exposing students to the perspetives of others.
Cooperative Learning
Socially, it promotes the acceptance of gender, ethnic, and academic diversity
Cooperative Learning
Individualized instruction
designed to meet the specific needs of a particular student.
Type of variation on typical instruction may modify time, activities, or materials. Often employed with students who have special needs and or those who are gifted.
Individualized Instruction
Technology
Videotapes, computers, calculators, and internet provide many opportunities for students to practice skills, research or explore topics, and interact with peers.
Visually engaging and critically important for participation in today’s society, the application of technology to instruction does not guarantee improved learning.
Technology
Teachers must establish and clearly communicate the goals of learning hen utilizing technology in the classroom.
Technology
Creating Problem- Solving Opportunities
When students construct concepts and apply them to problematic situations, they are said to be problem solving.
Teachers who design problem solving situations, that resemble the world outside the classroom increase the likelihood of students transferring their ability to other problem solving situations.
Creating Problem- Solving Opportunities
Two categories of problem solving situations:
Well-Defined
Ill-Defined
Creating Problem- Solving Opportunities
Goals are clear
All info is present
One path to solution
Well Defined Problem Solving (well structured)
Goals may be unclear
Relevant information may be missing
Several Solutions may exist.
Ill-Defined Problem Solving (ill structured)
Providing opportunities for student to engage in ill defined problem solving situations is better for transfer because most problems outside of the school environment are ill defined.
Creating Problem- Solving Opportunities
Algorithms and Heuristics
Two approaches to problem solving
Use a step by step approach, similar to the assembling a product.
Algorithms
General strategy that may or may not yield a definite solution. One Heuristic model is the DUPE Methods.
Heuristics
Define the problem
Understand the various facets of the problem
Plan for a solution
Evaluate the Outcome
DUPE Method
