Cognitive Development Flashcards
How many stages of development did Piaget propose?
There are 4 stages of development.
What does Piaget’s theory emphasize?
Active participation and reminds teachers that children’s thinking changes based on the stages of life.
How is a scheme defined?
An individuals generalized (speculated) way of responding to the world.
Adapting new information into an existing scheme through?
Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibrium.
When people deal with new information that is consistent with their present world view or scheme
Assimilation
Assimilation Example:
A five year old identifies a clog as a type of shoe.
Must incorporate a new experience that requires them to modify (change, adapt) their old scheme
Accommodation
Accommodation example:
The five year old understands it is made of glass therefore it cannot be a shoe. It does not work the way shoes do. Forces them to change their way of thinking.
An individual tries to adjust prior schemes with new experiences that do not fit into the existing scheme.
Equilibration
Equilibration Example:
mentally wrestling, trying to find balance.
At what age does the sensorimotor stage (piaget occur)
0-2 years
cognitive development occurs through the body and senses.
Language is absent until the end of the stage.
Egocentrism- inability to understand from someone else’s point of view.
Sensorimotor
How do we educate students at this stage?
Create lessons that encourage stimulation through various shapes, colors, and sizes.
Allow the students to engage with the elements in the environment.
At what age is he pre-operational stage?
2-7 years
Uses symbols but cannot manipulate them
Beginnings of representation
Egocentric (self centered) and socialized speech (the give and take between two people)
Pre-Operational Stage
What age does concrete operations occur?
7-11 years
How do we educate students at pre-operational stage?
Encourage the use of language to create a dialogue.
Can perform mental with use of concrete objects (manipulatives)- not through verbal statements though
Verbal understanding towards the end of the stage.
Concrete operational
How do we educate students at this stage?
Classification Activities (Identifying) Integration that allows students to make connections to things they thought were separate.
What age does formal operation occur?
11+ years
Released from restrictions of tangible and concrete
Separate real from possible/hypothetical
language freed from concrete, able to express the possible
Formal Operations
How do we educate students at this stage?
Challenge but don’t frustrate
be aware of their limitations
encourage analysis in and with drawing conclusions
Lev Vygotsky
Children’s social interactions with those who have more knowledge actually assists with cognitive development.
Optimal time for students to learn
in the zone, with assistance from those more knowledgeable, students can grasp information they would not get otherwise
Zone of proximal development.
Who coined the term “scaffolding”?
Jerome Bruner
Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development encompasses….
The students actual level
the potential level of the student
the zone equals the area of the potential development and individual is capable of attainnig with assistance from someone knowledgeable
Social aspect of vygotsky’s theory…
Dependent on the interaction between learner ad mentor or student and teacher.
Maximizing the social aspect
Relating knew knowledge to old knowledge.
Task should increase from less complex to more complex as skill increases.
interaction with peers, having peers explain concepts and ideas.
The impact of maturity on cognitive ability
Information processing theory.
Information processing theory
As students grow, their attention, learning strategies, knowledge base, and metacognitive abilities improve.
Attention (Info Processing Theory)
As children grow, they are not so easily distracted.
They learn what they intend to learn
Learning Strategies (Info Processing Theory)- As children grow
They use rehearsal strategies
Organization improves
learning strategies become more efficient
Elaboration happens (occurs around puberty)
Knowledge Base (Info Processing Theory)- As Children grow
Their amount of knowledge increases
Their knowledge base becomes more integrated
the more info they have, the easier it is to remember things.
Metacognition (Info Processing Theory)- As Children grow
knowledge (awareness) of their cognitive processes improve.
More aware of limitations.
More aware of effective learning strategies.
Language Development
Encompasses sound, structure, meaning and context.
Language Aquisition
Most language acquisition is complete by the age of four or five.
Components of language
Phonemes, Morphemes, Semantics, Syntax, Pragmatics, Phonology
The smallest unit of sound
Phonemes
The Smallest unit with meaning (base word or affix0
Morpheme
The meaning
Semantics
The sentence struture
Syntax
Use of language to communicate
Pragmatics
Sound system of language
Phonology
Cooing (development of language)
6-8 weeks
Babbling (development of language)
4 months
Holophrasic (development of language)
1 year
Single words, multiple meanings (development of language)
18 months
Experience with tense ad number (development of language)
18 months and older
Simple sentences (development of language)
2 years old
Errors in language
Overgeneralization, undergeneralization, overregulation
overextending the use of the word- one word multiple things.
Example- Every animal is a dog
Overgeneralization
Too restrictive in applying the word - leaving out situations when the word applies
Example- Dog only refers to animals with fur
Undergeneralization
incorrectly applied grammar- she camed or comed
Overregulation
