Innate Immunity & Inflammation

Question 1

Describe the three broad steps of the Adaptive Immune Response

Answer 1

Step One: Activation of Tissue Dendritic Cells

Step Two: Migration of Dendritic Cell to Lymph node

Step Three: Activation of Antigen Specific T helper cells

Question 2

SCID stands for?

Answer 2

Severe Combination Immuno-Deficiency

Question 3

What are the advantages of the Adaptive Immune Response?

Answer 3

1. Immunological diversity: The immune system has a large repertoire of lymphocytes, all of which express uniquely different receptors

Memory: Is the ability to respond more quickly and effectively on a second encounter with an antigen
In absence of adaptive immune response

Question 4

What are the two classes of Lymphocytes?

Answer 4

T Lymphocytes (Helper + Cytotoxic)

B Lymphocytes

Question 5

What do B cells produce?

Answer 5

Antibodies

Question 6

What is Clonal selection?

Answer 6

For B and T lymphocytes, when it encounters an antigen and is stimulated to undergo expansion

Question 7

Heavy chains in an antibody are joined by..?

Answer 7

Di-sulphide bonds

Question 8

Light chains are associated to light chains by..?

Answer 8

Di-sulphide bonds

Question 9

The lower and upper portion of antibodies are called?

Answer 9

Lower portion = Fc

Upper portion = Fab

Question 10

The presence of __________ signifies diversity in antibodies at the protein level of structure

Answer 10

Hyper variable regions

Question 11

The primary immune response is mediated by which antibody?

Answer 11

IgM

Question 12

The secondary immune response is mediated by which antibody?

Answer 12

IgG

Question 13

What type of toxin is Tetanus?

Answer 13

Bacterial endotoxin

Question 14

Why is the tetanus toxin, toxic?

Answer 14

The tetanus toxin inhibits GABA / Glycine release presynaptically, causing muscle spasm

Question 15

State the five classes of antibodies, and what differentiates them from each other?

Answer 15

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD`

Their constant regions are different

Question 16

What is the most common Ig?

Answer 16

IgG

Question 17

Describe the structure of IgG

Answer 17

Dimer of two heavy chains and two light chains

Question 18

Describe the structure IgM

Answer 18

Pentameric structure with 5 antibody dimers held together by a J chain

Question 19

How many binding sites do IgM have?

Answer 19

10 binding sites

Question 20

Describe the structure of IgA

Answer 20

Dimeric structure with 2 antibody dimers held by a J chain

Question 21

Where is IgA primarily located?

Answer 21

Mucosal secretions i.e. in intestines

Question 22

Describe the structure of IgE

Answer 22

Similar to IgG

Question 23

How does cowpox protects against smallpox?

Answer 23

1. Cowpox and smallpox viruses share some surface antigens
2. Immunisation with cowpox induces antibodies against cowpox surface antigens
3. Cowpox antibodies bind to and neutralise the smallpox virus

Question 24

How do Natural Killer cells, kill cells?

Answer 24

Antibodies bind to antigens on target cell surface. Fc receptors on NK cells recognise the antibody. Cross linking of Fc receptors signals the NK cell to target cell which dies via apoptosis