Immune and Haematological Tissues

Question 1

State the two adaptive immune cell types

Answer 1

B Lymphocyte

T Lymphocyte

Question 2

State the seven innate immune cell types

Answer 2

Neutrophil
Mast cell
Eosinophil
Basophil
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Natural Killer cells

Question 3

Define “pathogen”

Answer 3

An organism that causes disease

Question 4

How does the immune system protect against pathogens? What is the primary line of defence

Answer 4

Mucosal barriers are physical barriers, i.e. skin, respiratory tract, intestines

Question 5

Does the innate immune system have memory? How long does it take to act

Answer 5

No, and within minutes

Question 6

Does the adaptive immune system have memory? How long does it take to act

Answer 6

Yes, and it takes days to develop

Question 7

State five major immunological tissues

Answer 7

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Peyer's Patch
Bone marrow

Question 8

Lymph nodes are connected by..?

Answer 8

Lymphatic vessels

Question 9

Which immune cell is primarily used in the Innate Immune System? And what do they do and how do they recognise foreign material

Answer 9

It is mainly phagocytic cells, i.e. macrophages which scavenge / remove particulate material. It does this through recognition of PRRs and PAMPs

Question 10

Give two examples of PRRs

Answer 10

Toll-like receptor

NOD like receptor

Question 11

What are the two roles of Macrophages?

Answer 11

1. Induction of inflammation via cytokines and chemokines

2. Phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 12

Where are macrophages found?

Answer 12

In all tissues, including skin (first line of defence)

Question 13

What are the most common white blood cell type?

Answer 13

Neutrophils

Question 14

Which cells can induce recruitment of Neutrophils?

Answer 14

Macrophages

Question 15

What are two roles of Neutrophils

Answer 15

1. Release of cytokines and chemokines and induce inflammation
2. Phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 16

State the six sub developmental stages of Neutrophils?

Answer 16

1. Myeloblast
2. Progranulocyte
3. Neutrophillic myelocyte
4. Neutrophillic metamyelocyte
5. Neutrophillic bands
6. Neutrophil (segmented)

Question 17

What are the five characteristics of inflammation?

Answer 17

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

Question 18

Which Innate immune cell stimulates the Adaptive immune response?

Answer 18

Dendritic cells

Question 19

What are the antigen-specific receptors on B cells and T cells?

Answer 19

B cells: antibodies

T cells: T cell receptor

Question 20

What is an antigen?

Answer 20

A molecule capable of inducing an immune response

Question 21

What do TCRs only recognise?

Answer 21

Broken down proteins (peptides)

Question 22

What do Antibodies recognise?

Answer 22

The 3D shape of an antigen

Question 23

Dendritic cells are characterised in appearance by..?

Answer 23

Long dendritic processes

Question 24

Once Dendritic cells are activated, where do they migrate to and from where?

Answer 24

Skin to Lymph nodes

Question 25

State two pathological conditions underpinned by damaged lymphatic vessel networks

Answer 25

Surgical induced Lymphodema

Elephantiasis

Question 26

Fluid move into lymph nodes via ______?

Answer 26

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

Question 27

Fluid moves out of lymph nodes via ________?

Answer 27

Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

Question 28

How does a Dendritic cell induce an adaptive immune response?

Answer 28

1. Activation of Tissue Dendritic cells
2. Migration of DC to lymph nodes
3. Activation of antigen specific T Helper cells

Question 29

The spleen has two tissue types or “pulps” - what are they called

Answer 29

Red pulp

White pulp