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Immunology > Innate Immunity (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are part of microbes that are recognized by our innate immune system _________.

A

PAMPs
PRRs

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2
Q

What do PAMPs stand for vs. DAMPs?

A

PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns
DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns

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3
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

endogenous molecules made by damaged/necrotic cells that are recognized by the innate immune system

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4
Q

What are TLRs?

A

toll-like receptors (type of PRR)

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5
Q

Where are TLRs located? What do they recognize?

A

cell surface, sometimes endosomes
recognize degraded parts of microbes

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6
Q

Signaling protein that is a type of cytokine released when a virus is present

A

Type I Interferons

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7
Q

What do Type I Interferons induce?

A

antiviral state (response against virus)

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8
Q

What is NF-kB?

A

transcription factor

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9
Q

What does NF-kB (transcription factor) activate?

A

inflammatory genes

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10
Q

What is an IRF?

A

interferon responsive gene

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11
Q

Function of IRF

A

expresses Type I interferons

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12
Q

What are 3 families of PRRs that recognize various PAMPs of microbes?

A
  1. RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)
  2. NOD-like receptor (NLR)
  3. Toll-like receptor (TLR)
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13
Q

What do RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) recognize?

A

RNA in cytosol (when microbes get into cell)

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14
Q

What do NOD-like receptors recognize?

A

peptidoglycan (of microbe cell wall) and other things in cytosol

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15
Q

What do TLRs recognize?

A

degraded parts of microbes

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16
Q

What do TLR1 + TLR2 recognize on microbes?

A

bacterial lipopeptides

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17
Q

What does TLR2 by itself recognize?

A

bacterial peptidoglycan

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18
Q

What do TLR2 + TLR6 recognize?

A

bacterial lipopeptides

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19
Q

What does TLR4 recognize?

A

LPS (on cell surface of gram-neg bacteria)

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20
Q

What does TLR5 recognize?

A

flagellated bacteria

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21
Q

What does TLR3 recognize?

A

doubled-stranded RNA

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22
Q

What do TLR7 + TLR8 recognize?

A

single-stranded RNA

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23
Q

What does TLR9 recognize?

A

microbe DNA

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24
Q

What does CLR recognize?

A

carbohydrates on microbes

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25
Q

What do cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS) recognize?

A

microbial DNA

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26
Q

Epithelial barriers prevent infection by killing microbes locally by __________.

A

antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)

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27
Q

What are 2 examples of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)?

A

defensins
cathelicidins

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28
Q

Defensins are small, cationic peptides that are (directly/indirectly) toxic to microbes and activate ________.

A

directly
inflammatory cells

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29
Q

Cathelicidins are AMPs in the epithelial barrier that can bind and neutralize _______.

A

LPS

30
Q

How does the epithelial barrier kill microbes directly?

A

cytokine-producing innate lymphoid cells

31
Q

What are the 3 subsets of innate lymphoid cells of epithelial barrier (ILCs)?

A

ILC1
ILC2
ILC3

32
Q

Match the ILC subset to which transcription factor it activates and product it produces:

  1. ILC1
  2. ILC2
  3. ILC3
A
  1. TF: T-BET, Product: IFN-y
  2. TF: GATA3, Product: IL-5, IL-13
  3. TF: RORyt, Product: IL-17, IL-22
33
Q

What response occurs when IFN-y is produced from ILC1 of the epithelial barrier?

A

viral defense

34
Q

What response occurs when IL-5 & IL-13 are produced from ILC2 of the epithelial barrier?

A

helminth defense
allergy inflammation

35
Q

What response occurs when IL-17 & IL-22 are produced from ILC3 of the epithelial barrier?

A

intestinal barrier
lymphoid organogenesis

36
Q

What are opsonins?

A

soluble molecules secreted in bloodstream that bind to microbe surface for uptake by phagocyte cells

37
Q

What are 4 examples of opsonins?

A
  1. antibody
  2. complement
  3. C-reactive protein
  4. mannose-binding lectin
38
Q

What 2 ways do neutrophils use to harm ingested microbes?

A
  1. neutrophil net (extrude DNA)
  2. antimicrobial compounds
39
Q

Macrophages (primarily) ingest and destroy microbes via _________.

A

phagocytosis

40
Q

Once phagocytized, macrophages can destroy microbes in what 3 ways?

A
  1. enzyme degradation
  2. antimicrobial proteins
  3. reactive oxygen & nitrogen species
41
Q

_______ is an example of a reactive nitrogen species used by macrophages to kill microbes.

A

nitric oxide

42
Q

How is nitric oxide made to kill microbes?

A

iNOS in the cell uses arginine to make NO

43
Q

Macrophages uses ROS (reactive oxygen species) to kill microbes by using ________ to convert oxygen –> ROS.

A

phagocyte oxidase

44
Q

What two receptors do NK cells have which allows them to recognize infected cells? Which is always present on normal cells? Which is not activated with an infected cell?

A

activating receptor & inhibiting receptor

activating
inhibiting

45
Q

What does the inhibitory receptor on NK cells do when bound? What is it bound to?

A

inhibits NK cell from killing

binds to MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

46
Q

Which MHC is expressed on all cells? What is the exception?

A

MHC class I
exception: when virus infects cell and downregulates expression so evade immune system

47
Q

When a virus downregulates MHC class I expression to evade the immune system, how is it still detected?

A

detected by NK cells
MHC molecule is not bound to inhibitory receptor on NK cell –> kills infected cell

48
Q

What makes IL-12? What effect does IL-12 have on NK cells?

A

macrophages

activates NK cells to make IFNy

49
Q

How does IFNy (produced by NK cells) effect macrophages?

A

makes them a better “killer” of microbes

50
Q

What is complement?

A

plasma proteins that work to rid of microbes

51
Q

List the 3 complement pathways.

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. mannose-binding lectin pathway
  3. alternative pathway
52
Q

When is complement activated in the classical pathway?

A

when antibody binds to microbe

53
Q

_____ is a soluble pentamer that will bind to a microbe and “fix” complement in the classical complement pathway.

A

IgM

54
Q

What occurs for complement to be activated in the mannose-binding lectin complement pathway?

A

lectin molecule binds to pathogen surface

55
Q

How is the alternative complement pathway activated?

A

starts on its own without outside activation

56
Q

_______ is made by sentinel cells in the liver in response to IL-6 production.

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

57
Q

What is the function of C-Reactive Protein?

A

activates complement cascade
acts as opsonin to help clear microbes

58
Q

What are the 3 main functions of complement?

A
  1. opsonize microbes
  2. recruit phagocytes to infection sites
  3. directly kill microbes (sometimes)
59
Q

What are the 2 subsets of macrophages?

A
  1. M2 resolving
  2. M1 inflammatory
60
Q

M2 resolving macrophages are driven to clear _______ cells and do what to tissue?

A

apoptotic
heal tissue

61
Q

M1 inflammatory macrophages drive response by making ______ and use ____ to clear pathogens.

A

cytokines
NO

62
Q

Term for accumulation of leukocytes, plasma proteins, and fluid from blood at the tissue site of infection or injury.

A

inflammation

63
Q

List the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation.

A
  1. heat
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
64
Q

What are the 5 important innate cytokines?

A
  1. IL-1B
  2. TNF-a
  3. IL-6
  4. CXCL8
  5. IL-12
65
Q

Which innate cytokine can cause shock in high amounts?

A

TNF-a

66
Q

Match the innate cytokine to its functions:

  1. activate NK cells, adaptive immune response
  2. activate adaptive immune response, fever, acute-phase protein production
  3. chemotactic factor, recruit neutrophils, basophils, T cells to infection site, upregulate high-affinity receptor
  4. activates vascular endothelium, lymphocytes, fever, production of IL-6
  5. activates vascular endothelium & permeability, fever, compound mobilization
A
  1. IL-12
  2. IL-6
  3. CXCL8
  4. IL-1B
  5. TNF-a
67
Q

What is a neutrophil net?

A

neutrophils extrude DNA to form extracellular traps

sticky DNA binds to keep microbes in the area

68
Q

Term for normal process of cell turnover when a neutrophil becomes an apoptotic cell and is engulfed by macrophages.

A

efferocytosis

69
Q

Macrophages engulfing apoptotic neutrophil cells will stimulate a _______ response and (upregulate/downregulate) the inflammatory response.

A

healing
downregulate

70
Q

(T/F) Once antigen is recognized by a lymphocyte, the adaptive immune response will begin.

A

False - need TWO signals!

71
Q

What are the 2 signals needed for the adaptive immune response to begin?

A

Signal 1: antigen recognition by lymphocyte
Signal 2: innate immune component

72
Q

What 3 things in the innate immune response drive adaptive immunity?

A
  1. costimulators (B7)
  2. cytokines
  3. complement breakdown products

Immunology (17 decks)

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