General Properties (Exam 1) Flashcards
Primary purpose of immune system
protection against infection agents (microbes)
What does immunity depend on?
immunologic memory (unaffected when exposed again)
What 3 people were responsible for the germ theory?
Koch
Pasteur
Von Behring
Who was responsible for using attenuated organisms to vaccinate animals?
Pasteur
Match innate and adaptive immunity to each:
- rapid response / slow response
- memory / no memory
- specific recognition / non-specific
Innate: rapid, no memory, non-specific
Adaptive: slow, memory, specific
List the cells that make up innate immunity. (4)
phagocytic cells
dendritic cells
mast cells
natural killer cells
Which cells make up the adaptive immunity?
B and T lymphocytes
Term for part of antigen that is recognized by lymphocytes
epitope
Term for foreign substance that causes immune response
antigen
Term for amount of distinct antigenic determinants of an individual’s immune system
lymphocyte repertoire
How many distinct antigenic determinants are estimated to be in an individual’s lymphocyte repertoire?
10^7 to 10^9
The initial response of the immune system is called ___________ while when B cells are exposed a second time, this response is called _______________.
primary immune response
secondary immune response
What is clonal selection?
selection of lymphocyte that is specific to an antigen that can form a response
What is clonal expansion?
proliferation of a selected lymphocyte during antigen exposure
Term for receptors on innate cells that look for specific things on an antigen and respond to them
pattern recognition receptors
What are sentinel cells?
cells that first mediate innate immunity
Where are sentinel cells located?
under epithelial layer (to respond immediately to microbe exposure)
What 3 types of cells are considered “sentinel cells”?
- mast cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
Function of mast cells and macrophages
induce inflammatory response
Function of dendritic cells
carry antigen to nearest lymph node and sample/present antigen
_______ immunity is mediated by B cells, while _______ immunity is mediated by T cells.
humoral
cell-mediated
B cells make antibody which effects ________ microbes and their toxins, while T cells are effective against __________ microbes.
extracellular
intracellular
What are APCs? Why are they needed?
antigen-presenting cells
T cells require antigen presentation to respond
B cells secrete antibodies right away which can result in what 3 processes?
- complement activation
- phagocytosis
- neutralization of microbe
What 2 things can B cells turn into when exposed to antigen?
- plasma cells
- B memory cells
T cells only recognize _______ of microbes and when activated will develop into _________.
protein
helper T cells
Function of Helper T cells
secrete cytokines to activate phagocytes which kill microbes
What cell type kills infected cells with specific antigen when activated?
cytotoxic T cells
Function of regulatory T cells
regulate other T cells by turning them off (suppress effect to keep them in check)
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
active: from exposure to antigen; specific but HAS memory
passive: from serum transfer of immunized individual; specific but NO memory
What is another name for passive immunity?
adoptive transfer
What is a naive cell?
cell that has not been exposed to antigen yet so has no immune function
What is the only cell that can activate a naive T cell?
dendritic cell
Term for getting rid of cells made by immune system once antigens are elminated
contraction
