Cells & Tissues (Exam 1) Flashcards
Process of differentiation/formation of red and white blood cells in bone marrow
hematopoiesis
What are the 2 types of leukocyte progenitor cells?
myeloid progenitor cells
lymphoid progenitor cells
List the 5 types of myeloid progenitor cells
- erythrocytes (RBCs)
- monocytes
- granulocytes
- megakaryocytes
- dendritic cells
What 4 cells are considered granulocytes (myeloid origin)?
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
- mast cell
What are the 3 cell types that come from lymphoid progenitor cells?
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- natural killer (NK) cells
Function of neutrophils
direct harm to pathogens via granules; inflammation
Function of basophils & mast cells
inflammation + allergies
Function of eosinophils
antiviral/antiparasitic activity
Monocytes are from _______ progenitor cells and become _______ once migrating into the tissues.
myeloid
macrophages
Function of monocytes
repair, destroy pathogens, present antigens
(T/F) Tissue-resident macrophages come from the bone marrow.
False
Where do tissue-resident macophages come from?
fetal yolk sac or fetal liver
What cells give rise to the development of all RBCs and WBCs?
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
(Neutrophils/macrophages) rapidly ingest microbes while (neutrophils/macrophages) slowly ingest them.
neutrophils
macrophages
While tissue-resident macrophages are from the fetal yolk sac or fetal liver, other macrophages are from _________.
bone marrow
Neutrophil lifespan vs. Macrophages lifespan (inflammatory & tissue)
neutrophil: 1-2 days
macrophages:
inflammatory- days or weeks
tissue-resident- years
(Macrophages/neutrophils) have prominent reactive oxygen species while the other is less prominent.
neutrophils
________ have low levels to no nitric oxide while _______ have high levels.
neutrophils
macrophages
(T/F) Macrophages undergo prominent degranulation.
False - neutrophils (not prominent in macrophages)
______ production is low in neutrophils and prominent in macrophages.
cytokine
Neutrophils extrude their DNA in a processed called:
NET formation
What form of cell death do macrophages undergo?
pyroptosis
Which cell types make up phagocytic cells?
neutrophils + macrophages
What are 2 functions of phagocytic cells?
- take up & destroy microbes
- induce healing of damaged tissue
What are the 4 main types of dendritic cells?
- classical DC
- plasmacytoid DC
- monocyte-derived DC
- langerhans cells
What are the 2 types of classical DC cells?
cDC1
cDC2
Match each dendritic cell type to whether its immunity is innate, adaptive, or both:
- cDC1
- cDC2
- plasmacytoid
- monocyte-derived
- langerhans
- adaptive
- both
- innate
- innate
- both
2 functions of cDC1 dendritic cells
- capture and cross-present antigens to CD8+ T cells
- induce Th1 responses
cDC2 dendritic cells are also known as what? (2)
helper T cells or CD4 cells
Function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. What do they release?
antiviral immunity
release type I interferons
Function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells
source of inflammatory cytokines
What is the innate function of cDC2 dendritic cells? Adaptive function?
innate: source of inflammatory source
adaptive: capture & present antigen to CD4+ T cells)
What is the innate function of Langerhans cells? Adaptive?
innate: inflammatory cytokine source
adaptive: capture & present antigen to CD4+ T cells
Term for cell membrane proteins on cell surface which help to ID cells of the immune system
clusters of differentiation
List the 5 main classes of lymphocytes
- ab T lymphocytes
- gd T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- NK cells
- NKT cells
What are the 3 subgroups of ab T lymphocytes?
CD4+ Helper T cells
CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells
regulatory T cells
What are the CD markers for CD4+ Helper T cells?
CD3+
CD4+
CD8-
What are the CD markers for CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells?
CD3+
CD4-
CD8+
What are the CD markers for regulatory T cells?
CD3+
CD4+
CD25+
What are the CD markers for gd T lymphocytes?
CD3+
CD4
CD8
What are the CD markers for B lymphocytes?
Fc receptors
class II MHC
CD19
CD21
What are the NK cell CD markers?
CD16 (Fc receptors for IgG)
What are the NKT cell CD markers?
CD16 (Fc receptor for IgG)
CD3
Difference between primary lymphoid vs. secondary lymphoid organ
primary: where lymphocytes develop
secondary: where lymphocytes become activated
MALT stands for _________ and is an example of a (primary/secondary) lymphoid organ.
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
secondary
Where do lymphocytes mature?
primary lymphoid organs
Thymus is a site for ____ cell maturation.
T cell
Term for immature T cells in thymus
thymocytes
In the lymph node, B and T cells are separated by ________.
microenvironments
Within the lymph node, B cells reside in the _______ and T cells reside in the _______.
cortex
paracortex
How are antigens delivered to lymph nodes?
antigens enter via dendritic cells through afferent lymphatic vessels
The spleen is the first defense against what?
bloodborne pathogens
Main function of spleen
filter for blood
Spleen filters the blood by removing damaged _______ and _______ microbes.
blood cells
opsonized
Within the spleen, WBCs are present in the ______ while RBCs are in the ________.
white pulp
red pulp
_________ is the region of macrophages and B cells that border the white pulp.
marginal zone
