Innate Immunity 1

Question 1

What is innate immunity?

Answer 1

First line of (Non-specific) defence 1-4 days

Question 2

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

second line of (specific) defence 4-10 days

Question 3

How long does an innate immune response last for?

Answer 3

1-4 days (No memory generation)

Question 4

What is the role of epithelium?

Answer 4

Acts as a physical and immunological barrier.

Question 5

How epithelium being protected?

Answer 5

By salivary (and GCF) components:
Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)
Immunoglobulins
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Cystatins

Question 6

What 5 compounds are produced by epithelial barriers in the oral cavity?

Answer 6

Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)
Immunoglobulins
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Cystatins

Question 7

What are the features of antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)?

Answer 7

Small (<50 amino acids)
Attach and disrupt membranes
Effective in low concentrations
>45 different antimicrobial peptides identified in oral cavity

Question 8

Describe antimicrobial peptide’s mode of action?

Answer 8

Directly kill microbes via - Electrostatic interaction
Modulate immune response - (Recruitment, neutralize virulence factor)

Question 9

What are the features of secretory IgA?

Answer 9

Found in saliva/GCF
Produced at mucosal surfaces
Binds to flagella - preventing motility
Binds to bacterial toxins - Neutralization
Prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

Question 10

What is the function of Lactoferrin?

Answer 10

Glycoprotein that transports iron ion, has antimicrobial activity

Question 11

By which cells does lactoferrin produced?

Answer 11

Neutrophils and present in saliva

Question 12

What is the function of Lysozyme?

Answer 12

Produced by macrophages/neutrophils - targets bacteria cell walls

Question 13

What is the function of Cystatins?

Answer 13

Anti-protease activity, supports enamel re-mineralization

Question 14

What are toxins and virulence factors examples of?

Answer 14

Microbial agents

Question 15

Mention cellular responses occur in the innate immune system

Answer 15

Microbial recognition
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Degranulation
Soluble mediators

Question 16

what we call the components of microorganisms?

Answer 16

Antigens

Question 17

What is the main immunological receptor called?

Answer 17

Toll-like receptor - TLR 1-9

Question 18

Which TLRs are present on the cell surface?

Answer 18

TLR -1,2,6,5,4

Question 19

Which TLR’s are present internally on the endosome?

Answer 19

TLR - 3,7,9

Question 20

Which TLR’s have increased expression in gingival tissue of perio patients?

Answer 20

TLR 2,4

Question 21

Provide 3 other examples of immunological receptor?

Answer 21

Dectin & Glucan receptors - fungal
NOD-like receptors - bacterial
Protease-activation receptors (PARs)- allergen

Question 22

what is PRRs?

Answer 22

Pattern Recognition Receptors(PRRs) that recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Question 23

Examples of soluble mediators the produced by immune cells

Answer 23

1-cytokines & chemokines
2-complement proteins
3-AMPs
4-Enzymes
5-Immunoglobulins
6-Growth Factors
7-Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

Question 24

What role do cytokines play?

Answer 24

Signalling molecules - Provide instruction to immune cells (tell them what to do)

Question 25

Give 4 examples of cytokine family groups?

Answer 25

Interleukin
TNF
Interferon
Unassigned - TGF-B

Question 26

Name 3 mechanisms relating to cytokines secretion?

Answer 26

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Question 27

What are chemokines?

Answer 27

Small signalling proteins - involved in trafficking of immune cells

Question 28

Why is cytokine & chemokine balance important?

Answer 28

Maintains pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory balance, enables correct immune response.