Innate + Adaptive Immunity + MHCs Flashcards
First line of defense
Innate immunity
What are two major roles of the innate immune system?
- Recognize microbes based on the chemical structures they express that are NOT FOUDN on human tissues
- To stimulate the adaptive immune system
What is the difference in the nature of receptor in innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate=pattern recognition receptor
Adaptive=specific receptors
Pre-programmed
adaptive immune response. antigen does not instruct the adaptive immune system
Adaptive immunity is organized into what two defense systems?
Humoral and cell-mediated
Humoral immunity
antibodies and complement-mediated responses
Cellular immunity
T cell and NK (natural killer) cell mediated immune response
What are the three hallmarks of adaptive immunity?
Specificity, Inducibility, Memory (SIM)
4 major components of innate immune system and their importance
- Epithelial Barriers
- Phagocytes
- Natural Killer cells
- Compliment system
They have unique properties to serve as early warning system of microbial invasion, react by destruction of pathogen
2 roles of epithelial barriers in innate immune system
physical barrier against infection, epithelial cells make defensins (antibiotics/ host defense peptides)
3 main phagocytes
Macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells
What’s a dendritic cell found in skin?
langerhan cell
What phagocyte can’t communicate with adaptive cells?
neutrophils
How do macrophages interact with bacteria?
PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
What are two examples of pattern recognition receptors? (PRRs)
- TLR (toll like receptors)
- NOD (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain)
TLR4
recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by bacteria
TLR5
recognizes flagellan (allows bacteria to move)
TLR3
recognizes double stranded RNA (found on membrane of phagosomes, we don’t make this!)
These cytosolic proteins picks up bacterial products/stress proteins and trigger gene activation steps
NODs
This lectin carbohydrate binding protein is present on phagocytes and can recognize carbohydrates on membrane of bacteria
Mannose receptor
These are similar to cytoxic T cells (same killing mechanism) but are activated when MHC1 is absent
Natural Killer cells
All of our nucleated cells express
MHC1
Two receptors on NK cells
KAR and KIR (killer activating and killer inhibiting receptors)
Receptor on NK that engage MHC1
killer inhibiting cells
Receptor on NK that recognizes stress responses made by cell when undergoing viral infection
Killer activating cells
NKs are part of innate immune system, but why might you think they’re adaptive?
They are lymphocytes
What are two examples of Killer activating receptors (KARs) on natural killer cells?
NKG2D, CD16
Describe how a receptor like CD16 on NK cells works in a typical antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
An NK cell expressed CD16, which recognizes and binds portion of antibody (Igg) which is bound to pathogen-infected target cells. Once bound, NK cell releases cytokines.
What makes up the compliment system?
family of proteins circulating in body fluids, promote elimination of infected organisms
What are the three pathways of the compliment system?
- Classical pathway-uses elements of adaptive immunity
- Alternative pathway
- Mannose binding lectin pathway
Intracellular pathogens
cell-mediated immunity
extracellular pathogens
humoral immunity (b-cells and plasma cells, antibodies)
What is the cross talk between innate and adaptive immunity?
Antigen presenting cell (APC)
Professional APCs (3)
Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B-cells (not actively phagocytic, but produce antibodies)
Which phagocytic cells is not an APC and why?
Neutrophil, they do not express MHCII and so do not “cross-talk” / engage in adaptive immunity.
Bacteria are ingested by
phagocytic cells inside APC
bacteria-ingested phagosome are referred to as
endosome/phagosome
The endosome can fuse with lysosome to form?
Phagolysosome
What happens as the endosome migrates to interior of APC? What induces this?
Bacterial protein get broken down due to decrease in pH
What acid proteases breakdown bacterial protein?
Cathepsins