Innate/Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

immune response

Answer 1

body’s ability to defend against specific pathogens/foreign substances that develop decease-initiated by the body’s defense systems

Question 2

innate immunity

Answer 2

-born with (inborn
-first line of defense
-ready state-before infections appear
-not antigen-specific
-early, rapid response
-directs/controls adaptive responses

Question 3

adaptive/acquired immunity

Answer 3

-acquired
-second line of defense
-antigen-specific (foreign pathogens)
-retains “memory” of pathogens
-later response (days later)
-involves membrane
-distinguishes self vs non self

Question 4

cytokines

Answer 4

-proteins secreted by cells (macrophages) of the innate and adaptive immunity (Its, IFNs, TNF-a)
-“cell signaling”

Question 5

chemokines

Answer 5

cytokines that stimulate migration and activation of immune and inflammatory cells

Question 6

colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

Answer 6

stimulate growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors of immune cells

Question 7

granulocyte CSFs (G-CSF)

Answer 7

CSFs that the promote growth and maturing of neutrophils consumed in inflammatory reactions

Question 8

innate immunity characteristics

Answer 8

-physical barriers (epithelial cells, mucous membranes)
-monocytes/macrophages
-neutrophils (early arrivers
-natural killer cells
-complement system-cells/molecular components in the inflammatory process

Question 9

epithelium in innate immunity

Answer 9

-has a high turnover rate-frequently washed (GI system, urinating, sneezing, coughing)
-physical barrier, blocks entry of infectious agents (ex: microbes)
-secretes antimicrobial enzymes/proteins/peptides

Question 10

mechanisms of innate immunity

Answer 10

-monocytes/macrophages engulf and digest microbes-then remember what they ate and signal other parts of immune system
-neutrophils engulf and digest microbes-act as a signal for the site
-NK cells kill microbes and foreign agents (but don’t respond to specific antigens)

Question 11

leukocytes in innate immunity

Answer 11

-move to infected areas, engulfs bacteria through phagocytosis
-then lysosomes digest the bacteria and breaks it into small proteins

Question 12

natural killer cell receptors

Answer 12

-NK cells have activating receptors that respond to: ligands from virus-infected or injured cells, and inhibiting receptors binding to MCH-1 self-recognition molecules (from normal cells)

Question 13

why aren’t normal cells killed in the immune response?

Answer 13

-inhibitory signals from normal MHC-1 molecules override activating signals (in virus/tumor-infected cells the inhibitory receptor is not engaged, which allows activating for cell killing)

Question 14

compliment system

Answer 14

-system inside of the blood that is essential for the activity of antibodies
-activation increase bacterial clumping which makes them more prone to phagocytosis (“tagging”)
-has 3 phases: initial activation phase, early-step inflammatory responses, late-step membrane attack response

Question 15

recognition systems

Answer 15

-pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 16

innate immune recognition

Answer 16

-not as specific
-receptors have limited diversity
-molecular patterns that are common to microbes
-effector cell types have identical receptors
-self-nonself discrimination by recognizing molecules of pathogens (NKs recognize MHC-1 molecules)

Question 17

adaptive immune recognition

Answer 17

-specific microbial molecules and distinct antibodies
-large diversity expressed through somatic genes
-clones of lymphocytes have unique receptors
-self-nonself discrimination by lymphocytes using MHC-1 and foreign peptides for recognition

Question 18

phagocyte response to pathogen

Answer 18

-PRRs identify PAMPs on the pathogen
-pathogens are phagocytosed and bind to lysosomes
-lysosomes kill pathogens and decrease the pH to activate granules to kill more pathogens
-NADPH creates superoxide ions which are converted to hydrogen peroxide, which kill excess pathogens

Question 19

humoral immunity (adaptive)

Answer 19

-protected by B-lymphocytes which make antibodies
-antibodies travel through blood and interact with antigens circulating in the cell

Question 20

cell-mediated immunity (adaptive)

Answer 20

-protection through cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that protect against virus-infected or cancer cells

Question 21

antigens

Answer 21

foreign substances that can stimulate an immune response

Question 22

antibodies

Answer 22

recognize antigens (ex: receptors on immune cells, secreted proteins from plasma cells)

Question 23

T and B cell differentiation

Answer 23

-T cells: bone marrow>lymphocyte stem cells>thymus gland>T cells>lymphoid tissue
-B cells: bone marrow>lymphocyte stem cells>B cells>lymphoid tissue

Question 24

initiation of adaptive immunity

Answer 24

-antigen presenting cells>T-helper cells activate cytokines which activate B cells for humoral immunity (memory B cells>plasma cells>antibodies)
-antigen presenting cells>T-helper cells activate cytokines>T-cytotoxic cells (TCR, CD8, MHC-1)>cell death>memory t-cells

Question 25

class 1 MHCs

Answer 25

-distributed in all nucleated cells -give processed antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, restrict cytolysis to virus/tumor/transplanted cells

Question 26

class 2 MHCs

Answer 26

-immune cells, antigen-presenting cells, B-cells, macrophages -give processed antigen pieces to CD4 T-cells -vital for effective interactions among immune cells

Question 27

t/f: function of MHCs are to mark foreign proteins as antigenic

Answer 27

false

Question 28

classes of immunoglobulins

Answer 28

-igG-GONE, immunity -igA-1st letter, 1st defense -igM-miserable, early immune response -igE-emergency, allergic/sensitivity reactions -igD-B-cells

Question 29

phases of humoral immunity

Answer 29

-primary and secondary response to same antigen -primary-initial vaccinations-production of plasma cells and memory cells -secondary-booster vaccines-produce immediate-antigen and antibody response (already has memory from 1st response)

Question 30

which immunity is characterized by development of a specific response to an antigen a) innate b) acquired c) autoimmunity d) alloimmunity

Answer 30

b) acquired

Question 31

parents of a newborn say that they do not think their child needs vaccines since the baby received immunity from the mother. is this correct?

Answer 31

no-igG (gone, immunity) only lasts for a few months

Question 32

passive immunity

Answer 32

-does not require ones immune system to be active -transferred from host>recipient (ex: natural passive from igGs from mom to child in placenta and breastmilk) -also can be from injections of high concentrations of antibodies (artificial passive) that give immediate immunity

Question 33

active immunity

Answer 33

-individuals immune system is actively involved in the immune response -develops its own antibodies and responses to antigens -made in response to specific vaccines (artificial active) or from infection (natural active)

Question 34

which process provides active immunity? a) tetanus antitoxins b) polio vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis c) antibodies transferred through breast feeding d) hepatitis B immune globin for a needle-stick injury

Answer 34

B) polio vaccine -active involves the bodes immune response which is triggered from active infection and immunization

Question 35

which cells are associated with the humoral response a) macrophages b) monocytes c) neutrophils d) B-lymphocytes

Answer 35

d) B-lymphocytes -antibodies are made by B-lymphocytes as part of the immune response. Granulocytes are part of the response to infection and innate immunity

Question 36

t/f: humoral and cell mediated immunity are types of innate immunity

Answer 36

false-part of adaptive immunity

Question 37

t/f: innate immune system can recognize and identify self from non self and microbial organisms

Answer 37

true

Question 38

t/f: innate immune system utilizes cytokines as part of its response

Answer 38

true-both innate and adaptive immunity use cytokines since they communicate and initiate interactions in the immune response

Question 39

t/f: parts of the innate immune system can be physical, chemical, lymphocytes and/or antibodies

Answer 39

false-the innate immune system is the first line of defense (ex: physical barriers like skin, chemical barriers like tears, and cellular defenders)

Question 40

t/f: innate immune system is quick-reacting

Answer 40

true-it rapidly determines self from non-self and fights against microorganisms within minutes/hours

Question 41

which part of pathogen recognition in the innate immune system is why the immune system does not attack every cell

Answer 41

PRRs-ensure cells are correctly identified

Question 42

t/f: all childhood vaccines are made of live viruses

Answer 42

false-almost exclusively made from non-living viruses

Question 43

t/f: passive immunity is achieved through immunization

Answer 43

false-active is since the immune system makes a response to the vaccine