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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

cellular hypertrophy

A

cell growth in response to increased demand

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2
Q

cellular atrophy

A

cell shrinking in response to cell injury
-reversible

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3
Q

cellular hyperplasia

A

increased cell count in response to increased demand

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4
Q

cellular dysplasia

A

rapid cell division in no order in response to cell injury/stress
-abnormal
-precursor to cancer

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5
Q

cellular metaplasia

A

cellular replacement in response to stress/cell injury
-reversible

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6
Q

cell death

A

necrosis or apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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7
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

increased cardiac size/mass

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8
Q

cardiac hypertrophy reasons

A

increased LV workload, increased demand, genetics

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9
Q

primary cardiac hypertrophy

A

inherited, genetic, no EKG changes

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10
Q

secondary cardiac hypertrophy

A

from an underlying condition that increases LV workload and increased myocardial cell size

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11
Q

cardiac hypertrophy manifestations

A

obstructed outflow: shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope, impaired function
-asymptomatic usually until cardiac arrest

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12
Q

cardiac hypertrophy diagnostics

A

genetic testing, hypertension, reduced exercise tolerance, arrhythmias, murmurs

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13
Q

cardiac hypertrophy treatment

A

surgical, pharmacologic, activity restriction

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14
Q

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia

A

found in the transformation zone of the cervix-precursor to cervical cancer
-asymptomatic
-pap smear testing, HPV test, biopsy
-usually from HPV, smoking

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15
Q

lines of defense for inflammation

A

first line: skin, mucous membranes
second line: inflammatory response
third line: immune response

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16
Q

acute inflammation results from

A

from tissue injury

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17
Q

acute inflammation process

A

-increases blood flow to injury site
-vasodilators (ex: histamine) and capillary permeability increased
-cell mediators: chemotaxis, adherence, migration, phagocytosis

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18
Q

5 signs of acute inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling/edema, pain, decreased function
-systemic manifestations: fever, increased leukocyte/protein count

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19
Q

acute inflammation treatment

A

reduce blood flow, decrease swelling, stop chemical mediators (ex: anti-histamines), decrease pain

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20
Q

chronic inflammation

A

inflammation lasting several weeks or longer
-macrophages, lymphocytes involved
-granuloma, scarring formation
-ex: immune disorders, arthritis

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21
Q

acute gastritis causes

A

irritating substances, poor gastric perfusion
-chronic NSAIDs, aspirin use
-smoking

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22
Q

acute gastritis

A

acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa

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23
Q

acute gastritis process

A

gastric epithelium necrosis>acid erodes underlying tissue

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24
Q

acute gastritis manifestations

A

abdominal pain, indigestion, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, bloody stool, anemia

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25
chronic gastritis
chronic infection/autoimmune disease that leads to chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa -usually H. pylori bacteria
26
chronic gastritis manifestations
mucosa atrophy, impaired gastric acid production, dyspepsia, anorexia, vomiting, anemia -can be asymptomatic
27
chronic gastritis diagnosis
endoscopy, biopsy, blood protein test
28
acute gastritis diagnosis
endoscopy, stool analysis for blood, blood count for anemia
29
chronic gastritis treatment
PPIs, antibiotics, vitamin B12 supplements
30
acute gastritis treatment
stop irritating substances, antacids
31
peptic ulcer disease
area of mucosal inflammation/erosion/breakdown and ulceration -acute or chronic -superficial or deep -usually in duodenum/stomach -gastric or duodenal
32
peptic ulcer disease cause
excessive acid secretions, disrupted mucosal barrier, H. pylori infection, smoking, chronic NSAIDs/aspirin use, stress, or alcohol
33
peptic ulcer disease treatment
PPIs, gastric resection, surgery if severe
34
peptic ulcer disease manifestations: gastric or duodenal
gastric: anorexia, pain with eating and after meals duodenal: well nourished, pain on an empty stomach and helped with food
35
ulcerative colitis
autoimmune disease of chronic inflammation of the mucosa in the rectum and proximal colon -ulceration, obstruction, GI bleeding
36
ulcerative colitis manifestations
bloody diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue/weakness, anemia
37
ulcerative colitis diagnosis/treatment
H&P, endoscopy, radiographs, blood count for anemia -treatment: drugs, surgery
38
crohns disease
autoimmune disease throughout the GI tract that causes ulcerations, fibrosis, impaired absorption and obstructions and breakdown of all mucosal layers
39
crohns disease manifestations/treatment
abdominal pain, diarrhea, malnutrition, random bloody stool, fever, anorexia, malabsorption -treatment: drugs, surgery
40
5 types of antibodies
GAMED IgG-GONE-previously affected IgA-first line of defense-attacks mucosa IgM-miserable-active infection IgE-emergency-allergic reaction IgD-help B cells
41
innate immunity
non-specific, no antibodies involved, inflammatory process
42
adaptive immunity
targeted attack from antibody to antigen, T and B lymphocyte activation
43
innate immunity cells
neutrophils (phagocytosis), NK cells, marophages
44
adaptive immunity cells
B cells (memory cells, IgG antibodies) and T cells (CD4 antigen specific cells direct the immune response)
45
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
immediate, allergic reactions
46
type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
antibody-mediated reaction
47
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
autoimmune complex reaction
48
type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
t cell mediated reaction (blood transfusion, transplants)
49
autoimmunity
failure to distinguish cells that are self vs non-self -damages organs or entire systems
50
anaphylactic (allergic) reaction
exaggerated immune response from a type 1 hypersensitivity -IgE response from previous sensitivity
51
anaphylactic reaction process
type 1 hypersensitivity/IgE response>mast cell activation>smooth muscle dilation>bronchoconstriction>increased vascular permeability
52
anaphylactic reaction phases
phase 1: difficulty breathing, skin flushing, itching phase 2: hypotension, edema, shock, difficulty swallowing
53
anaphylactic reaction treatment
desensitization (allergy shots), bronchodilators, vasoconstrictors
54
HIV/AIDS
immunodeficiency from CD4 T-cell infection with HIV (CD4<200)
55
AIDS process
lost active immune response from CD4s-no direction of immune response, B cells don't make antibodies
56
AIDS manifestations
opportunistic infections, immunocompromisation
57
AIDS diagnosis
CD4 count<200, recurrent infections, HIV antibodies, HIV viral load
58
HIV treatment
ART-suppresses viral load, preserves immune function, reduces mortality rate
59
hepatitis
acute/chronic inflammation of the liver from infection
60
hepatitis types
A, E: bowel: from contact with feces/oral contact C: circulatory: from contact with blood B: body fluids: contact with body fluids D: from infection with B
61
hepatitis manifestations
hepatocyte death initially: fatigue, anorexia, fever, RUQ pain, generalized symptoms developing: jaundice, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), dark urine/stool
62
hepatitis diagnosis
blood viral antibody detection, bilirubin in urine, serum bilirubin, blood clotting time
63
hepatitis treatment
fluids, antivirals, analgesics
64
UTIs
ascending infections of the urinary tract that causes cell death in the epithelium -usually from E. coli
65
cystitis
bladder inflammation
66
UTI manifestations
dysuria, frequency, hematuria, cloudy urine -usually localized
67
UTI diagnosis
H&P, urinalysis, urine culture
68
UTI treatment
antibiotics, increased fluid intake
69
pyelonephritis
bacterial infection of the kidneys -usually an ascended UTI or from E. coli
70
pyelonephritis risk factors
obstructions (kidney stones), incompetent voiding, frequent intercourse, STIs
71
pyelonephritis manifestations
flank pain, fever, nausea/vomiting, dysuria, frequent urination, lower abdominal pain, bloody urine -more systemic manifestations
72
pyelonephritis diagnosis/treatment
H&P, urinalysis, urine culture -treatment: antibiotics, surgery, IVs
73
dehydration&fluid/electrolyte balance
sodium imbalance-hypernatremia or hyponatremia, hypovolemia
74
dehydration causes
decreased intake, increased output (ex: diarrhea, emesis), fluid shifts (ex: ascites)
75
dehydration manifestations
decreased LOC, longer capillary refill, changed vital signs, decreased urine output
76
cirrhosis
liver disease (inflammation/damage) from interfered blood flow and hepatocyte damage
77
cirrhosis causes
hepatitis or chronic alcohol use
78
cirrhosis manifestations
altered fluid balance, portal hypertension, ascites, increased girth, increased weight, Na+ retention/hyponatremia, renal failure, jaundice
79
cirrhosis diagnosis
examination/measurements, ascitic fluid analysis, liver/renal function tests, cardiac function tests
80
cirrhosis treatment
paracentesis (fluid drainage), diuresis
81
acid-base balance: plasma, renal, respiratory
plasma: reacts in seconds to H+ levels (acid) with bicarb (base) and K+ respiratory: reacts in minutes to get rid of CO2 renal: reacts in hours/days to make more bicarb (base) and ions
82
impaired ventilation
blocked airflow in and out of the lungs
83
causes of impaired ventilation
compression/narrowed airways, disrupted neurotransmission
84
impaired diffusion causes:
hypoxemia (low blood O2), hypoxia, hypercapnia
85
pneumonia
inflamed lungs, obstructed bronchioles, and alveoli from fluid accumulation
86
pneumonia manifestations
productive cough, fever, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, crackles
87
emphysema
destroyed alveolar walls from A1 deficiency that obstructs airflow -air trapping

Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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