Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Electrolyte Balance/Imbalance > Flashcards

Electrolyte Balance/Imbalance Flashcards

1
Q

sodium

A

floats around the cell-major cation in ECF
-largely responsible for osmotic pressure
-combines with chloride (NaCl)
-normal levels=135-145 mEq/L
-followed by water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sodium regulation

A

dietary intake, ADH&aldosterone, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hyponatremia

A

sodium<135 mEq/L
-water comes out of ECF into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypernatremia

A

sodium>145 mEq/L
-water comes out of the cells into the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hyponatremia causes

A

excessive Na+ loss
-in the kidneys, excess diuretics, GI tract, skin
excessive H20 intake
-polydipsia, tap water enema, NG irrigation
excessive hypotonic IV fluid
SIADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hyponatremia manifestations

A

cellular swelling-brain cells
-lethargy, confusion, nausea, coma
-similar to hypochloremia
-same as hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

excess release of ADH hormone
-release, inhibition of ADH fails
-dilutes blood and Na+ concentration
-low serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity
-causes hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hypernatremia causes

A

excessive Na+ intake
-too much hypertonic solutions
excessive H20 loss
-GI loss
-hypertonic tube feedings
-DI
-hyperventilation
-near-drownings in salt water
decreased H20 intake
-NPO status, loss of thirst
diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hypernatremia manifestations

A

cellular shrinking-brain cells
-confusion, lethargy, coma, seizures
decreased vascular volume
-tachycardia, weak pulse, decreased BP
-similar to hyperchloremia
-same as hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

deficiency or decreased response to ADH
-central DI: defect in release of ADH in posterior pituitary
-nephrogenic DI: kidneys don’t respond (shut off) to ADH
manifestations
-increased serum osmolarity, polyuria, excessive thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hyponatremia treatment

A

restrict fluid intake (further dilution), hypertonic solution 3% NaCl slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hypernatremia treatment

A

hypotonic solution 0.3% NaCl slowly, vasopressin for DI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

potassium

A

inside of the cell-major cation inside cells
-normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
-responsible for resting membrane potential (repolarization)
-makes carbs into energy
-changes glucose to glycogen
-builds amino acids to proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

potassium regulation

A

dietary intake, excretion
-kidneys-reabsorbed in proximal tubules>competes with H+ in distal tubule for reabsorption
-corticoids (aldosterone) make kidneys retain Na+ and excrete K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypokalemia

A

potassium<3.5 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hyperkalemia

A

potassium>5.0 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypokalemia causes

A

decreased intake
-NPO, anorexia
excessive loss
-diuretics, high aldosterone, GI loss, NG suctioning
shifts into body cells
-alkalosis, glucose/insulin transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypokalemia manifestations

A

negative resting membrane potential, hyperpolarized, far from threshold, harder to make action potentials
-muscle weakness, cramps, paralytic ileus, polyuria, polydypsia, cardiac dysrhythmia
-flat T-wave, long PR interval, large U-wave
-same as hypernatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypokalemia treatment

A

replacement therapy-PO or IV, high potassium foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hyperkalemia cause

A

decreased excretion
-low aldosterone levels
-renal failure
shifts from body cells
-crushing injuries, acidosis, chemotherapy, burns
increased intake
-IV bolus, salt substitutes
insulin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hyperkalemia manifestations

A

hyperpolerization, prolongs depolarization, closer to threshold
-eventually leads to stopped action potentials
-cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias
-muscle weakness, cramping
-paralysis
-peaked T-wave, wide QRS complex
-same as hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hyperkalemia treatment

A

reduce K+ intake, stop K+ diuretics, 50% glucose insulin IV, kayexalate PO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chloride

A

normal: 95-105 mEq/L
-major anion of ECF
-maintains acid-base balance
-acidity of gastric solutions
-stops action potentials when in cell
-HCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chloride regulation

A

diet, excretion
-kidneys-acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hypochloremia

A

chloride<95 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hyperchloremia

A

chloride>105 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hypochloremia causes

A

excessive vomiting, GI suctioning

28
Q

hypochloremia manifestations

A

metabolic alkalosis
-kidneys retain bicarbonate
-hypertonicity of muscles
-decreased respiration (body holds onto CO2)
-tetanus-not enough to stop APs
-similar to hyponatremia

29
Q

hyperchloremia causes

A

excessive injestion, decreased excretion

30
Q

hyperchloremia manifestations

A

metabolic acidosis
-deep, rapid breathing (body tries to get rid of CO2)
-weakness-from non-stop AP
-coma
-unconsciousness/stupor
-similar to hypernatremia

31
Q

hyperchloremia treatment

A

treat metabolic acidosis, sodium bicarbonate IV, LR solution IV

32
Q

hypochloremia treatment

A

replacement therapy

33
Q

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium balance

A

major in the body
-Vit D keeps normal levels of Ca2+, PO by increasing absorption from intestine
-calcitonin makes kidneys/bone remove calcium from ECF
-PTH regulation

34
Q

3 forms of ECF calcium

A

protein bound, complexed, ionized

35
Q

calcium

A

essential cation for life
-widely distributed in body
-normal: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
-neuromuscular function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction
-allows Na+ to go in cell, K+ out
-blood clotting
-bone/teeth strength
-maintains normal cell permeability
-inverse relationship with PO

36
Q

calcium regulation

A

diet
-Vit D
PTH
-absorption, excretion
calcitonin
-opposes bones
-works inversely with PO

37
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium>10.5 mg/dL

38
Q

hypocalcemia

A

calcium<8.5 mg/dL

39
Q

PTH regulation with calcium

A

releases when Ca2+ levels are low
-pulls Ca2+ out of bone and into blood
-makes kidneys get rid of PO, reabsorb Ca2+
-increases Vit D in intestine for reabsorption

40
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

hypoparathyroidism
decreased intake/absorption
-malabsorption, Vit D deficiency
increased excretion
-renal insufficiency, hyperphosphatemia
shifts out of blood
-blood transfusions

41
Q

hypocalcemia manifestations

A

hyperactivity of muscle since K+ can’t leave cell
-muscle cramping, twitching, tetany
- +Chvostek, +Trousseau
-soft bones, teeth

42
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A

increased intake
-excessive antacids, Vit D
shift from cells
-hyperparathyroidism
-immobility

43
Q

hypercalcemia manifestations

A

decreased muscle excitability
-constipation, GI issues
-decreased reflexes, muscle weakness
CNS depression
-lethargy
-coma
kidney stones

44
Q

hypocalcemia treatment

A

oral replacement, Vit D supplements, IV calcium

45
Q

hypercalcemia treatment

A

IV diuretics

46
Q

phosphorus

A

major intracellular anion
-normal: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
-essential part of bone
-carbs, lipids, protein metabolism
component of ATP and 2,3 DPG
-controls O2 in RBC
major buffer in acid-base balance
inverse relationship with Ca2+

47
Q

phosphorus regulation

A

diet (usually proteins)
excretion
-kidneys, PTH secretion

48
Q

hypophosphatemia

A

phosphorus<2.5 mg/dL

49
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

phosphorus>4.5 mg/dL

50
Q

hypophosphatemia causes

A

alcoholism, refeeding after starvation, high glucose solutions, excessive antacids, hyperparathyroidism

51
Q

hypophosphatemia manifestations

A

same as hypercalcemia
-cell energy failure

52
Q

hyperphosphatemia causes

A

renal failure, CaPO4 salt accumulation

53
Q

hyperphosphatemia manifestations

A

same as hypocalcemia

54
Q

hyperphosphatemia treatment

A

restrict intake, Ca2+ binders

55
Q

hypophosphatemia treatment

A

replacement therapy

56
Q

mangesium

A

major intracellular cation
-normal: 1.8-3.0 mg/dL
-enzyme activity
-carbs, protein metabolism
-protein, DNA synthesis
-muscle excitability

57
Q

magnesium regulation

A

diet
PTH
-absorption+excretion inflenced by calcium absorption+excretion in the kidneys

58
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

magnesium<1.8 mg/dL

59
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

magnesium>3.0 mg/dL

60
Q

hypomagnesemia causes

A

impaired intake/absorption
-alcoholism, malabsorption, malnutrition
increased loss
-ketoacidosis
-diuretics, SIADH
similar to hypocalcemia

61
Q

hypomagnesemia manifestations

A

same as hypocalcemia
-extreme muscle excitability

62
Q

hypermagnesemia causes

A

renal failure, excessive antacids, IVs for pregnancy-induced hypertension, tissue trauma, hypovolemic shock
-similar to hypercalcemia

63
Q

hypermagnesemia manifestations

A

same as hypercalcemia
-decreased muscle excitability

64
Q

hypomagnesemia treatment

A

replacement therapy

65
Q

hypermagnesemia treatment

A

increased calcium, eliminate ingestion

Pathophysiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions