Alterations in Blood Pressure

Question 1

circulation route of blood

Answer 1

from the body>right atrium>right ventricle>lungs>left atrium>left ventricle>pumps blood to the body

Question 2

arterial blood pressure

Answer 2

made by the force of the left ventricle contraction to open the aortic valve

Question 3

preload

Answer 3

blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (filling)-amount of blood returned to the heart

Question 4

preload is increased from

Answer 4

hypervolemia, regurgitation of the valves, heart failure

Question 5

afterload

Answer 5

the resistance the left ventricle combats to open aorta/circulate blood
-increased afterload means increased cardiac work

Question 6

afterload is increased from

Answer 6

hypertensin, vasoconstriction

Question 7

cause of hypertension

Answer 7

from flow: increased fluid and pressure
from resistance: increased resistance and pressure but decreased diameter
-all can cause stretching of the endothelial cells

Question 8

cardiac output equals

Answer 8

CO=SVxHR

Question 9

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 9

radius of arteries, degree of vessel compliance

Question 10

blood pressure equals

Answer 10

BP=COxSVR

Question 11

systolic BP

Answer 11

peak pressure during systole, controlled by stroke volume

Question 12

diastolic BP

Answer 12

lowest pressure during diastole, controlled by SVR

Question 13

pulse pressure equals

Answer 13

SBP-DBP

Question 14

mean arterial pressure

Answer 14

average pressure in the circulatory system through the cardiac cycle
-65 is healthy, under is abnormal

Question 15

ANS regulation of BP (short term regulation)

Answer 15

carotid/aortic baroreceptors respond to drops in BP>vasomoter center activates SNS>PNS is inhibited>increased BP from heart rate and SVR

Question 16

long term regulation of BP

Answer 16

baroreceptors sense changes in pressure>a1 receptors in arterioles and b1 receptors in the heart activated
-ADH secretion from osmolarity and aldosterone from RAAS affect the fluid balance (angiotensin II increases SVR/causes vasoconstriction to increase BP)
-natriuretic peptides
-involves HR, SV, SVR

Question 17

RAAS and blood pressure

Answer 17

kidneys secrete renin from decreased perfusion>creates angiotensin I>converted to angiotensin II in the lungs>arteriole constriction and aldosterone secretion>Na+, H20 retention>increased blood volume>increased vascular resistance>increased BV, SVR cause hypertension

Question 18

hypertension

Answer 18

high blood pressure
-damaged endothelial tissue risks atherosclerotic vascular disease and vascular rupture
-increases morbidity with heart disease, kidney disease, PVD, stroke
-primarily asymptomatic

Question 19

hypotension

Answer 19

low blood pressure-tissues don’t get enough nutrients, oxygen, and removal of waste

Question 20

normal blood pressure

Answer 20

120/80

Question 21

elevated blood pressure

Answer 21

120-129/80

Question 22

stage 1 hypertension

Answer 22

130-139/80-89

Question 23

stage 2 hypertension

Answer 23

> 140/>90

Question 24

primary hypertension

Answer 24

idiopathic disorder-no known causes but related risks
-most common form of hypertension
-treatment is usually lifestyle changes, drug therapy is a last resort

Question 25

ACE inhibitors

Answer 25

decreases vascular resistance without increasing heart rate, cardiac output, or cardiac contractibility

Question 26

secondary hypertension

Answer 26

from a pathologic condition or from medications/chemicals -usually in infants and preschool children

Question 27

vessel damage from hypertension

Answer 27

increased arterial pressure damages the endothelium>angiotensin causes endothelial wall contraction>plasma leaks into endothelial space>vessel wall necrosis

Question 28

organ damage from hypertension

Answer 28

from atherosclerosis in the coronary, renal and cerebral arteries -increases the risk of stroke, angina, MI, heart failure, renal failure, retinopathy

Question 29

hypertensive emergecy

Answer 29

spiked systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure with organ damage >180/>120

Question 30

hypertensive urgency

Answer 30

spiked systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure without organ damage >180/>120

Question 31

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 31

drop in systolic (>20) and diastolic (>10) BP when sitting up -failure of the short-term control mechanism -can have an excessive increase in heart rate (20-30 BPM) -dizziness/blurred vision/fainting -risk factor for stroke, cognitive impairment and death -associated with heart disease

Question 32

orthostatic hypotension associations

Answer 32

existing pathologies, vasovagal reactions, cardiac volume depletion, dysrhythmias, drug therapy, alcohol, heat exhaustion, arterial stiffness

Question 33

orthostatic hypotension treatment

Answer 33

slow positional changing, avoiding heat, avoiding large meals, squatting/bending forward, compression socks

Question 34

t/f: a stroke can be transient, reversible, progressive, or complete

Answer 34

true

Question 35

ischemic strokes

Answer 35

interruptions of blood flow in a cerebral vessel (ex: thrombi, embuli) -most common stroke -location of stroke is important (area of brain, vessels involved, R/L side) -duration/lack of O2 is important to see damage -symptoms are sudden and severe

Question 36

hemorrhagic strokes

Answer 36

bleeding into brain tissue from blood vessel ruptures -can be from: hypertension, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, head injuries, blood disorder -hypertension is the MOST common cause -high mortality rate -headaches from ICP

Question 37

cerebral aneurysms

Answer 37

symptoms: headache, stiff neck, vasospasm treatment: neurosurgery complications: vasospasms

Question 38

arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Answer 38

malformations where blood goes into the venous system without capillaries -causes HIGH venous pressure -AVM compresses structures or ruptures them -treatment: surgical removal, radiation, embolization to close AVM

Question 39

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Answer 39

quick episodes of ischemia -doesn't cause neurological damage but puts you at high risk for stroke -usually from thrombi, sometimes emboli -symptoms: sudden headache, vomiting, loss of neurologic function -full recovery within a day

Question 40

ischemic penumbra

Answer 40

evolving strokes -an area around a core of dead or dying cells getting low blood flow from an occlusion -associated with embolic strokes

Question 41

stroke symptoms

Answer 41

hemorrhagic: sudden severe headache -loss of vision, aphasia, confusion, numbness/weakness in the face/arms/legs/side of the body, trouble walking and balancing

Question 42

stroke treatment

Answer 42

depends on the stroke-ischemic or hemorrhagic -limiting the size of infarction, supporting body functions, rehab

Question 43

speech impediment with ischemic stroke

Answer 43

left area damage (brocas area, wernickes area): aphasia, impaired speech and language