Alterations in Cardiac Function Flashcards
5 areas for listening to the heart
all people enjoy time magazine
-aortic
-pulmonic
-erb’s point
-tricuspid
-mitral
blood flow through cardiac valves
tight pussy my ass
-tricuspid>pulmonary>mitral>aortic
cardiac ischemia
when the hearts need for O2 blood exceeds its supply
-usually from impaired flow in the coronary arteries
-can be caused by coronary vasospasm, hypoxemia, low perfusion from low volume or shock
coronary artery disease (CAD)
main cause: atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries>symptoms happen when plaques burst/with thrombi/emboli
rare causes: abnormal blood O2, low pressure of the coronary arteries, ischemic heart disease
risk factors: same as atherosclerosis
coronary circulation
coronary arteries supply blood to the heart-if blocked, poor circulation of blood throughout the heart
angina pectoris
chest pain-either stable angina or vasospastic angina
chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy
heart failure resulting from ischemia to the heart
acute coronary syndrome
unstable angina and myocardial infarction (MI, heart attack)
cardiac arrest
usually from lethal dysrhythmias-sudden death from cardiac causes within an hour of symptoms
chronic/stable angina
chest pain from physical activity that is relieved by rest
-NO permanent heart damage
-happens with CAD
vasospastic angina
unpredictable chest pain from an artery closing
unstable angina
from a plaque rupture that results in a partially obstructed coronary artery with some necrosis
-NOT AN MI
-not enough dead cells to show up on blood work, minor damage
-pain is not relieved with rest
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
reduced or stopped blood flow that causes cardiac ischemia, injury, or necrosis
-symptoms: severe/unrelieved chest pain, nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis, shortness of breath, inflammation
-diagnostics: EKG monitoring, serum biomarkers
serum biomarkers of MI
look for troponin and then myoglobin elevations after MI
-myoglobin is an early marker but returns to normal within a day
-troponin is the most sensitive and specific-can be elevated for weeks
myocardial infarction symptoms
angina, uneasy feeling, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, cool limbs, diaphoresis, anxiety, tachycardia
nursing interventions after MI
goal: decrease heart O2 demand, increase O2 delivery
-morphine, O2, nitroglycerine, aspirin
-fibrinolytic therapy, CABG stop further damage
-grafts-remove clot/blockage
heart complications from MI
arrhythmias, shock, heart failure, extensions of the original infarction, ruptured vessel walls, aneurysm, low contractibility from scarring
lung complications from MI
pulmonary edema from fluid build-up, pulmonary emboli from damage
brain complications from MI
cerebral emboli, brain disorder from tissue hypoxia>physiological and personality problems
heart valve function
direct blood flow through the chambers of the heart
heart valve dysfunction manifestations
congenital defects, trauma, ischemic damage, degenerative changes, inflammation
valve stenosis
thickening of the valve that makes it harder to open/close
-extra work for the heart
incompetent valves
causes backwards flow of blood when the valve should be closed
-extra work for the heart
aortic stenosis
obstruction to the blood the left ventricle pumps out
-high pressure between left ventricle and aorta
-heart murmurs during systole are radiated to the neck
-causes hypertrophy and failure of LV from increased work
aortic regurgitation
high systolic, low diastolic BP and bounding pulse
-murmur during diastole from blood leakage during relaxation
-causes LV failure from increased work
mitral senosis
high pressure between atrium and left ventricle during diastole
-low pitched rumbling during diastole
-causes pulmonary hypertension, RV hypertrophy, right sided heart failure
mitral regurgitation
back-flow of blood from the LV to LA during systole
-causes left sided heart failure
-loud, high murmur from systole that radiates to the left axilla
rheumatic heart disease
rare-a consequence of rheumatic fever from an autoimmune attack
infective endocarditis
invasion of endocardium by microorganisms that causes inflammation
cardiac vegetations
growth of microorganisms in fibrin deposits
