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Block 4 > Injury and Cell Death > Flashcards

Injury and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cellular adaptation?

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy

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2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increased cell proliferation

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Cell enlargement

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4
Q

What cells will undergo hyperplasia?

A

Cells that are able to undergo mitosis

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5
Q

What cells will undergo hypertrophy?

A

Cells that can’t carry out mitosis (ex cardiac cells)

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6
Q

What is physiological hyperplasia?

A

Normal and controlled increase of cells in a tissue or organ in response to stimulus
Reversible

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7
Q

Explain hormonal hyperplasia

A

Hormones stimulate organ or tissue to increase its functional capacity
- Ex. Uterus in pregnancy

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8
Q

Explain compensatory hyperplasia

A

Takes place to replace lost or damaged tissue
ex. Liver will regenerate with part of it is removed

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9
Q

This type of hyperplasia takes place when there is excess hormonal stimulation

A

Pathological hyperplasia

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10
Q

Is pathological hyperplasia controlled or uncontrolled?

A

Abnormal but controlled

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11
Q

Can atrophy be physiological?

A

Yes! Common during normal development
Thymus atrophy in childhood
Uterine involution after childbirth

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12
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible change where one adult cell type is replace by another adult cell type
Most common epithelia: columnar to squamous in smokers

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13
Q

This is a manifestation of adaptation or sub-lethal cell injury

A

Intracellular accumulations (metabolites)
normal/abnormal
endogenous/exogenous
Ex calcification can cause injury or happen after injury

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14
Q

This is what happens when a cell isn’t able to adapt or is exposed to damaging agents

A

Cell injury

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15
Q

What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury?

A

Decreased oxphos
ATP depletion
Cell swelling r/t ion conc. and water influx

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16
Q

These are two major microscopic changes seen with reversible cell injury

A

Cell swelling
Fatty changes

17
Q

This is the process that ultimately underlies all causes of cell death

A

Hypoxia

18
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

Necrosis
Apoptosis

19
Q

Is cell death always pathological?

A

No! Apoptosis can be part of normal development
Necrosis is ALWAYS pathological

20
Q

What are the characteristics of necrotic cell death?

A

Plasma membrane rupture
Internal organelle and nuclear membrane rupture
Acute inflammatory response

21
Q

What are the characteristics of cell death via apoptosis?

A

Cell DNA and/or proteins damaged beyond repair
Programmed cell death
Cell fragments, nuclear dissolution
No acute inflammatory response

22
Q

Describe the characteristics of coagulative necrosis

A

Often caused by ischemia
Ischemia —> lack of oxphos
ATP pumps failing —> cells swell
Anaerobic glycolysis —> acidic env and denaturation of structural and enzymatic enzymes
Eosinophilic cells may persist for days to weeks

23
Q

What is a localized area of coagulative necrosis called?

A

Infarct

24
Q

Describe the characteristics of liquefactive necrosis

A

Digestion of dead cells —> tissue replaced with liquid, viscous mass (infection —> pus)
Ischemic dmg to brain

25
Q

This is a clinical descriptor for tissue that has lost its blood supply and undergone coagulative necrosis. Usually refers to limbs or bowel sections

A

Dry gangrenous necrosis

26
Q

What is the difference between dry gangrenous necrosis and wet gangrene

A

Wet gangrene happens in presence of infection and formation of liquefactive necrosis
Dry is a loss of blood supply —> coagulative necrosis

27
Q

Describe the characteristics of caseous necrosis

A

Friable white area of necrosis
Foci of inflammation called granulomas
Found most often with TB

28
Q

This is associated with immune reactions that involve the blood vessels

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

29
Q

This type of necrosis can be associated with synoptic calcification

A

Fat necrosis

Block 4 (17 decks)

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