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Block 4 > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Soluble peptides secreted mainly by immune cells

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2
Q

What do cytokines do?

A
  • Chemical messengers that cause biological response
  • Communicate with and outside immune system
  • Involved in acute and chronic responses
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3
Q

What are 8 actions and attributes of cytokines?

A
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
  • Pleiotropy
  • Redundancy
  • Synergism
  • Antagonism
  • Cascade introduction
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4
Q

What does it mean to have autocrine function?

A

Acts on the cell that secreted it (auto = self)

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5
Q

What does it mean to have paracrine function?

A

Acts on local cells

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6
Q

What does it mean to have endocrine function?

A

Acts systemically

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7
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

When one gene/cytokine influences 2 or more cells
- Important to consider when therapy targets cytokine receptors

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8
Q

What is redundancy in context of cytokines?

A

When more than 1 cytokine has the same or similar effects

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9
Q

What is synergism?

A

Different cytokines working together to amplify an effect

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10
Q

What is antagonism?

A

When the effect of one cytokine inhibits the effects of another cytokine

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11
Q

What is cascade induction?

A

The action of one cytokine on its target cell causes the cell to make 1 or more cytokines that trigger other cells
- May result in cytokine storm

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12
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Cytokines that are mainly produced by leukocytes

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13
Q

What are the most common interleukins? (Hint: there are 5)

A

IL:
- 2
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 10

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14
Q

What are the haematopoietin superfamily?

A

Cytokines that cause haematopoietic cells to differentiate
- Includes some interleukins and granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

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15
Q

What are interferons?

A

Interfere with viral replication

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16
Q

What are the 2 main types of interferons?

A
  • Type 1 (IFNα and IFNβ)
  • Type 2 (IFNγ)
17
Q

What makes Type 1 IFN?

A

Made during viral infection and mainly secreted by leukocytes and fibroblasts

18
Q

What makes Type 2 IFN?

A

Effector T cells and activated NK cells
- activate macrophages in response to danger/inflammation

19
Q

What does tumor necrosis factor do?

A
  • Pro-inflammatory with some anti-inflammatory effect (depends on cell it’s acting on)
  • Highly pleomorphic
20
Q

What secretes tumor necrosis factor?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Activated T-cells (esp CD4)
21
Q

This is a common target for immunotherapy in many autoimmune diseases but can render the patient susceptible to infections

A

Tumor necrosis factor

22
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Small proteins that signal leukocytes to come to inflamed tissue

23
Q

What do chemokines bind to?

A

Chemokines receptors on immune cells
- Mainly G protein-coupled receptors

24
Q

What do TNF receptors bind?

A

TNF and non-cytokine ligands (CD40 and FasL)

25
Q

What is CD40?

A

Non-cytokine ligand that can bind to TNF receptor
- Co-stimulators molecule on APCs

26
Q

What is FasL?

A

Non-cytokine death ligand that initiates apoptosis

27
Q

What type of receptor are most chemokine receptors?

A

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

28
Q

Tel me what happens in cytokine signalling starting from the outside of the cell

A
  • Extracellular domain bind cytokine
  • cytoplasmic tail undergoes phosphorylation
  • msg transmitted to activate intracellular signalling and influence gene expression
29
Q

What do many Type 1 cytokine receptors have in common?

A

Common γ chain with IL-2 receptor —> redundancy

30
Q

What do Type 2 receptors mainly bind?

A

Interferons

31
Q

What type of cell secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

Macrophages

32
Q

What type of effect do cytokines secreted by macrophages have?

A

Local and systemic
Local IL-1β causes local tissue destruction and increases lymphocyte access
Systemic TNF and IL-6 are pyrogenic

33
Q

What cytokines are called the “pyrogenic” cytokines?

A

TNF and IL-6
- Cause synthesis of PGE2 —> heat production and vasoconstriction by acting on the hypothalamus

34
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Systemic inflammation caused by an overactive immune response to an infection

35
Q

What role do cytokines play in cancer?

A

Can inhibit or promote cancer

36
Q

What is a soluble receptor?

A

Receptor that is floating around in the plasma

37
Q

What is the purpose of a soluble receptor?

A

Acts as a mop for excess cytokines in plasma

38
Q

Why are older people more prone to sepsis?

A

Immune system is less able to regulate itself and prevent overactive response to infection

39
Q

Why can some immunotherapies cause cytokine release syndrome?

A

R/t pleiotropy
1 cytokine is influencing many different cells and can cause unintended effects if this isn’t taken into consideration

Block 4 (6 decks)

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