Inguinal Canal, Scotum, Testes

Question 0

what are the openings of the inguinal canal?

Answer 0

superficial inguinal ring- opening in external oblique aponeurosis w/ medial crus, lateral crus, & intercural fibers

Deep inguinal ring- opening in the transversalis fascia

Question 1

what are the contents of the inguinal canal?

Answer 1

males= spermatic cord + ilioinguinal nerve
females= round ligament of the uterus + ilioinguinal nerve

Question 2

what are the walls of the inguinal canal?

Answer 2

anterior: aponeurosis of the external oblique
posterior: transversalis fascia
inferior: inguinal and lacunar ligaments
superior: arching lowest fibers of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Question 3

what are the contents of the spermatic cord?

Answer 3

ductus (vas) deferens
testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins
Lymph vessels
Autonomic nerves
artery of vas deferens 
cremasteric artery
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

Question 4

what does the ductus (vas) deferens do?

Answer 4

tube that transports spermatozoa from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Question 5

what is the route of the ductus (vas) deferens?

Answer 5

starts at the epididymus
up the spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring
descends into pelvis and terminates by joining seminal vesicle

Question 6

what is the route of the testicular artery and what does it supply?

Answer 6

originates from abdominal aorta and passes through canal

supplies testis and epididymis

Question 7

what is the route of the testicular plexus (pampiniform plexus)?

Answer 7

ascends and gradually becomes reduced in size
right vein goes to the IVC
left vein goes to LEFT RENAL ARTERY

Question 8

where does lymph from the scrotum go?

Answer 8

into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 9

where does lymph from the testis go?

Answer 9

runs w/ the spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring then on to the lumbar lymph nodes

Question 10

what is the route of the artery of the vas deferens?

Answer 10

runs w/ the vas deferens from the pelvis from the vesical artery then anastomoses w/ the testicular artery

Question 11

what is the route of the cremasteric artery?

Answer 11

branch of the inferior epigastric artery that anastomoses w/ the testicular artery
supplies the coverings of the spermatic cord

Question 12

what makes up the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve and what does it innervate?

Answer 12

branch of lumbar plexus w/ fibers from ventral rami of L1 and L2
innervates cremaster m. and skin or scotum or labium majus

Question 13

where do the testes/ovaries originate?

Answer 13

L1 high on posterior abdominal wall

Question 14

what layers does the processus vaginalis acquire from each layer it passes through?

Answer 14

Transversalis fascia = internal spermatic fascia
transversus abdominis = no covering 
internal oblique = cremaster muscle + cremasteric fascia
external oblique (superficial inguinal ring)= external spermatic fascia

Question 15

what is the gubernaculum?

Answer 15

band of mesenchyme that extends from the lower end of the developing gonad to the labioscrotal swelling (labia majora in female and scrotum in males)

Question 16

once the testes descend into the scrotum, what happens to the processus vaginalis?

Answer 16

the proximal portion becomes obliterated and the distal portion turns into the tunica vaginalis (closed sac)

Question 17

what happens to the gubernaculum as the ovaries start descending?

Answer 17

it attaches to the side of the uterus causing the ovaries to stop and the gubernaculum extending from the ovary to the uterus= ovarian ligament

Question 18

what is the round ligament of the uterus?

Answer 18

the gubernaculum that extends from the uterus to the labioscrotal swelling (labia majora)

Question 19

what is the scrotal raphe?

Answer 19

slightly raised ridge in the midline that indicates the area of fusion of the two labioscrotal swellings (scrotum)

Question 20

what does the dartos muscle do?

Answer 20

causes wrinkling in the scrotal skin and receives sympathetic innervation

Question 21

the tunica vaginalis has what 2 layers?

Answer 21

visceral (lines the testis) and parietal (lines the inner aspect of the internal spermatic fascia)

Question 22

how is temperature controlled for spermatogenesis?

Answer 22

reflex contraction by cremaster and dartos muscles

heat exchange and stabilization by the pampiniform plexus and testicular artery

Question 23

what is the outer covering of each testis called?

Answer 23

tunica albuginea (which is covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis)

Question 24

what is the route of tubules within the testes

Answer 24

each lobule has 1-3 seminiferous tubules
these open into rete testis
the rete testis open into efferent ductules
the efferent ductules open into the upper end of the epididymis

Question 25

what is the function of the epididymis

Answer 25

it stores and matures spermatozoa

Question 26

what is the most common type of abdominal hernia?

Answer 26

inguinal hernia (more often in males than females)

Question 27

what is the definition of a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 27

the hernia sac leaves the abdominal cavity medial to the inferior epigastric vessels through an area of relative weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

Question 28

what is the definition of an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 28

the hernial sac leaves the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels through the deep inguinal ring
MOST COMMON TYPE OF INGUINAL HERNIA