inflammation introduction

Question 1

Beneficial effects of inflammation

Answer 1

1. diluting or inactivating biological and chemical toxins
2. killing ot sequestering microbes, foreign material, nectrotic tissue and neoplastic cells
3. inhibiting replication of some microbial agents
4. providing wound healing factors to damaged tissue
5. degrading foriegn material
6. increasing temperature in the body or locally

Question 2

harmful effects of inflammation

Answer 2

1. tissue damage with negative effects on tissue function
2. delayed restoration of tissue homeostasis

Question 3

lung compliance

Answer 3

change in volume of the lungs

Question 4

what does a neutrophil do during an inflammatory response

Answer 4

-is the first leukocyte to arrive at site and kills pathogens and degrades foreign material by phagocytosis

Question 5

what does a mast cell do during an inflamatory response

Answer 5

releases chemical signals to cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to allow for recruitment of phagocytic cells

Question 6

what does a monocyte/macrophage do during an immune response

Answer 6

removes necrotic debris, phagocytosis and descruction of microrganisms, procesing of antigens, secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators

Question 7

two types of inflammatory inducers

Answer 7

• infectious agents
• non infectious agents

Question 8

sensors of inflammation

Answer 8

• pattern recognition receptors such as PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 9

Toll-like receptors

Answer 9

best definied sensors of inflammation that trigger a signalling pathway and stimulate production of inflammatory mediators

Question 10

classical clinical signs associated with acute inflammatory response

Answer 10

increased temperature, tissue redness, swelling and pain
loss of function is a more severe response

Question 11

vascular changes during inflammation

Answer 11

changes in blood flow
changes in permeability of blood vessels
vasodilation
increased vascular permeability

Question 12

richest source of histamine in animals

Answer 12

mast cells

Question 13

classifications of inflammation according to duration

Answer 13

peracute inflammation
acute inflammation
subactute inflammation
chronic inflammation

Question 14

peractute inflammation

Answer 14

occurs before actute inflammation and caused by a very potent stimulus
defined as period before arrival of neutrophils

Question 15

gross lesions of peracute inflammation

Answer 15

may be minimal and a result of acute vscular changes
hyperaemia, oedema and haemorrhage

Question 16

gross lesions of acute inflammation

Answer 16

hyperaemia, oedema and fibrin deposition in tissue

Question 17

acute inflammation

Answer 17

initial rapid response to infections and tissue damage
develops within minutes or hours and if of short duration
variable leukocyte infaltration and is predominantly characterized by neutrophils

Question 18

subacute inflammation

Answer 18

transitional stage between acute and chronic inflammation

Question 19

chronic inflammation

Answer 19

percists over tome and often result of a persistent inflammatory stimulus
usually involves lympocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

Question 20

gross lesions of chronic inflammation

Answer 20

granulation tissue formtion and fibrosis