Inflammation (Eicosanoid Synthesis)

Question 1

What peptide is released in response to tissue damage

Answer 1

Bradykinin

Question 2

what enzyme is turned on in response to Bradykinin

Answer 2

Phospholipase A2

Question 3

what reaction is caused by the Phospholipase A2 enzyme

Answer 3

release of Arachidonic acid from cell membrane

Question 4

Arachidonic acid is the precursor to ____

Answer 4

inflammatory Eicosanoids

Question 5

name 3 Prostanoids

Answer 5

Prostaglandins (PG), Prostacyclins (PI), Thromboxanes (TX)

Question 6

what rxn is catalyzed by the COX enzyme

Answer 6

Arachidonic acid –> Prostaglandin G2

(PGG2)

Question 7

this COX enzyme is Constitutive,
what is it’s location?

Answer 7

COX 1
gastric mucosa, endothelial cells, platelets, kidney

Question 8

what does Constitutive mean

Answer 8

always being made

Question 9

this COX enzyme is Inducible
what is it’s location?

Answer 9

COX 2
macrophages (+ monocytes)

Question 10

what does Inducible mean

Answer 10

made when needed

Question 11

what is the location of the enzyme that converts PGH2 –> PGE2

Answer 11

Endothelial cells + macrophages

Question 12

3 functions of PGE2

(PGE2 = Prostaglandin E2)

Answer 12

Pain (stimulate nociceptors), Swelling (vasodilator), Rebound vasoconstriction (SmM contraction)

Question 13

what is the location of the enzyme that converts PGH2 –> PGI2

(PGH2 = Prostaglandin H2)

Answer 13

BV walls

Question 14

another name for PGI2

Answer 14

Prostacyclin

Question 15

function of PGI2

Answer 15

inhibit platelet aggregation / blood clotting

Question 16

location of enzyme that converts PGH2 –> TXA2

Answer 16

Platelets + gastric mucosa

Question 17

another name for TXA2

Answer 17

Thromboxines

Question 18

2 functions of TXA2

Answer 18

Vasoconstriction + Platelet aggregation (clotting)

Question 19

location of the LOX pathway

Answer 19

WBCs + Platelets

(CT of respiratory tract?)

Question 20

what rxns are catalyzed by the LOX enzyme

Answer 20

Arachidonic acid –> LTA4

Question 21

name of LTA4; what is it also known as?

Answer 21

Leukotriene A4; aka slow reacting substance of Anaphylaxis

Question 22

what intermediate in the LOX pathway causes Asthma (bronchial constriction)

Answer 22

5OXO ETE

Question 23

what do Lipoxins decrease/increase

what’s the overall function?

Answer 23

decreases: Neutrophil migration, fibrosis, angiogenesis
increases: Monocyte + macrophage activation

(overall function = immune support)

Question 24

action of steroid drugs on the COX pathway

Answer 24

inhibits PLA2
decreases COX enzyme (PGHS2) trancription

(PLA2 = Phospholipase A2)

Question 25

action of Aspirin on the COX pathway? what does this mean in terms of dosage?

Answer 25

non-competetive inhibition of COX-1 enzyme; same dosage for everyone (1 baby aspirin)

Question 26

action of NSAIDs like Ibuprofen + Naproxen on the COX pathway

Answer 26

competetive inhibition of COX 1 enzyme

Question 27

what type of drugs are Vioxx + Celebrex?

Answer 27

COX 2 enzyme inhibitors

Question 28

action of steroid inhalers on the LOX pathway

Answer 28

block Phospholipase A2 and inhibit transcription of LOX enzyme

Question 29

what natural supplement inhibits PLA2?

(Phospholipase A2)

Answer 29

fish oils

Question 30

what herb modulates the COX + LOX pathways?

Answer 30

Boswellia

(also: tumeric, ginger, rosemary, garlic)

Question 31

name 4 dietary changes that may reduce arachidonic acid in the diet

Answer 31

decreasing dairy/beef fat;
eliminating peanut oil, corn oil, + skin of chicken