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Biochem Of Nutrition - Final > Cholesterol Synthesis + Bile > Flashcards

Cholesterol Synthesis + Bile Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 functions of Cholesterol?

A

cell membranes, synthesize steroids (Vit D), Bile synthesis

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2
Q

Where does cholesterol synthesis start

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

what increases cholesterol synthesis

A

lack of exercise + high sugar

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4
Q

how are steroid molecules named?

A

-one, -ol

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5
Q

name examples of steroid molecules/hormones

A

testosterone, estradiol, aldosterone, (pregnenolone, progesterone, cortisol, etc.)

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6
Q

name 2 disorders caused by excess Cholesterol

A

Cardiovascular disease, Gallstones

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7
Q

what test is used to diagnose problems in the gall bladder?

A

Cholecystogram (ultrasound of Gall Bladder)

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8
Q

what sources impact blood levels of Cholesterol

A

50% diet, 50% made by the body

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9
Q

3 locations of DeNovo synthesis of Cholesterol

A

*Liver, adrenal cortex, gonads

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10
Q

Number of Carbons in Cholesterol

A

27

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11
Q

List the order of steps for Cholesterol synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA -(HMG CoA Synthase)-> HMG CoA -(HMG CoA Reductase + 2NADPH)-> Mevalonate -(ATP + Mg)-> Farnesyl Pyrophosphate -(Squalene synthase + NADPH + Mg + Mn)-> Squalene -(Cyclase + NADPH)-> Lanosterol -(NADPH)-> Cholesterol -(7-alpha-hydroxylase + NADPH + Vit C)-> Bile acids

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12
Q

stage 1 end product

A

Mevalonate

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13
Q

stage 1 enzymes

A

HMG CoA Synthase + HMG CoA Reductase

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14
Q

what foods have cholesterol?

A

animal products

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15
Q

stage 1 allosteric enzyme

A

HMG CoA Reductase

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16
Q

what co-enzyme does the allosteric enzyme in stage 1 require?

A

2NADPH

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17
Q

what hormone increases cholesterol synthesis

A

Insulin

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18
Q

name 2 things that down regulate cholesterol synthesis

A

Glucagon + Cholesterol

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19
Q

stage 2 end product

A

Farnesyl Pyrophosphate

20
Q

stage 2 coenzymes required

A

ATP + Mg

21
Q

the enzyme Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an important intermediate in the synthesis of ____

A

Co-Q10 (Ubiquinone, aka: Coenzyme Q10)

22
Q

in the absence of the molecule CoQ10, what dose is needed to replete the drug induced nutrient deficiency?

A

100 mg/day

23
Q

stage 3 end product

A

Squalene

24
Q

what is Squalene capable of being?

A

a Ring

25
Q

stage 3 enzyme

A

Squalene synthase

26
Q

location of the enzyme squalene synthase

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

coenzymes for Squalene synthase

A

NADPH, Mg, Mn

28
Q

stage 4 end product

A

Lanosterol

29
Q

stage 4 enzyme

A

Cyclase

30
Q

stage 4 coenzyme

A

NADPH (+H)

31
Q

final product

A

Cholesterol

32
Q

stage 5 (final stage) coenzyme required

A

NADPH

33
Q

7 factors/lifestyle factors that impact cholesterol synthesis

A

high BP, smoking, male, decrease exercise, abdominal obesity, soft water, high serum free FA

34
Q

largest product that cholesterol is used for

A

bile acids

35
Q

enzyme required for production of bile acids

A

7-alpha-hydroxylase

36
Q

coenzymes required for the enzyme 7-alpha-hydroxylase

A

NADPH, Vit C

37
Q

what vitamin can be used in high doses to decrease blood cholesterol levels?

A

Niacin

38
Q

what hormone increases the synthesis of bile?

A

Hepatocrinin

39
Q

what causes the release of the hormone Hepatocrinin?

A

Fat in intestines (duodenum)

40
Q

what hormone causes the gall bladder to contract?

A

Cholecystokinin

41
Q

w/o fiber, how much bile is reabsorbed into the portal system and re-secreted?

A

98% (like reusing soap)

42
Q

can cholesterol be digested or metabolized?

A

No

43
Q

how much cholesterol is secreted in the feces?

A

1 gram

44
Q

what do bacteria convert cholesterol to in the colon? what effect does this have?

A

Caprostanol; decrease amount of cholesterol you can absorb

45
Q

define Steatorrhea

A

Foul smelling floating stool

46
Q

Guinea pigs can get atherosclerosis if they are deficient in which Vitamin?

A

Vit C

47
Q

natural dietary advice used to decrease blood LDL levels includes what two things?

A

Vit C + Bran

Biochem Of Nutrition - Final (7 decks)

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