Inflammation and Repair changes cellular events Flashcards
What are the 4 changes in the vascular
Alteration in vessel caliber
Increased in blood flow
Slowing of Blood Flow
increased in vascular permeability
What are the steps in Neutrophil Polymorph Emigration?
Margination Rolling Adhesion Transmigration Emigration
What is margination
when the neutrophils margins from center of flow to the periphery. slows blood flow
What is Rolling
the cell hits speed bumps and cause it to slow down. the speed bumps are known as selectin. there are P and E selections where P is released from Weibel-Palade bodies and mediate by histamine and E is induced by TNF and IL-1. they are up regulated from enothelial cells.
What is Adhesion
when you grab the leukocoyte so it can move to the other side of the blood vessel to fight the infection. it happens with the binding of two proteins to the leukocyte. cellular adhesion molecules are up regulated by the TNF and IL-1. Integrines are then up regulated on leukocytes by C5a and LTB4 and this interaction results in a firm adhesion to the wall of the blood vessel.
What are selectins
The selectins (cluster of differentiation 62 or CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules (or CAMs). All selectins are single-chain transmembrane glycoproteins that share similar properties to C-type lectins due to a related amino terminus and calcium-dependent binding.[2] Selectins bind to sugar moieties and so are considered to be a type of lectin, cell adhesion proteins that bind sugar polymers.[3]
What are the 4 molecules that bring in neutrophils
C5a, IL-4, LTB4 and and bacteria products
What is transmigration and chemotaxis
this step is where the leukocyte crosses the blood vessel and the chemotaxis is the the part where the neutrophil goes to the infection.The chemicals of the infection is what makes the leukocyte able to see where the infection is. they transmigrate across the endothelium of POSTcapillary venules and it is attracted to C5a, IL-4, LTB4 and bacteria products
What is phagocytosis
it is the consumption of pathogens or necrotic. it is enchanced by opsonin (IgG and C3b)
What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency
rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immunodeficiency resulting in recurrent infections.[1] LAD is currently divided into three subtypes: LAD1, LAD2, and the recently described LAD3, also known as LAD-1/variant. In LAD3, the immune defects are supplemented by a Glanzmann thrombasthenia-like bleeding tendency.[
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Protein trafficking defect ( automsomal recessive) that is characterized by impaired phagolysosome formation. it causes an increase in pyogenic infection, neutropenia, defective hemostatsis, albunism, giant granule and peripheral neuropathy
What is ultrafiltration
normally fluid leaving and entering the vessel is in equilibrium. in inflammation, there is a loss of fluid together with plasma proteins into the extracellular space and that leads to edema.
What are TLR (Toll like receptors)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes.
In the destruction of the phagocytose material what are the types of methods
Oxygen dependent and independent
Which method is the most effect for the destruction of the phagocytose material
oxygen dependent
What happen with O-dependent
HOCl generated by oxidative burst in phagolysosomes destroys phagocytose microbes.
What is the mechanism for O dependent
O2—> O2- by NADPH( Oxidative Burst) then the O2- converted to H2O2 by SOD and H2O2 converted to HOCl by MPO
What happens id the O2 dependent is defected?
you get CGD which is due to the NADPH oxidase defect
What are the common bacteria that can affect the H2O2 of the o2 dependent reaction
Postive catalase bacteria -
S. aureus
P.cepacia
What is used to screen CGD
Nitroblue tetrazolium test. it turns blue when NADPH is available and meaning the O2 to O2- reaction is good to go.
What is MPO deficiency
where the MPO isn’t working and stops bleach from being made. results in defective conversion of H2O2 to HOCl and increase risk in Candida infection.
What is O-independent killing
less effective and occurs via enzymes present in leukocyte secondary granules (lysozyme and major basic protein)
What happens to neutrophils
it goes through apoptosis and then macrophages peak
What do the marcophage do
they resolution and healing ( IL-10 and TGF-beta), continue acute inflammation( IL-8), abscess, chronic inflammation
What happens with severe injury
leakage. it can persist for hours or days until the damaged vessel are thromboses or repaired.
