Growth Adaptations Flashcards
What helps to regulate the stress on an organ
homeostasis
What is the increase in size of an organ called?
Hypertrophy
What is the increase in the number of cells in an organ called?
Hyperplasia
How does hypertrophy happen
the cytoskeleton need to increase to make it bigger in size. In order to do this you need to increase protein synthesis. To increase in protein synthesis, you need this to happens through gene activation. it also involved production of organelles.
How does hyperplasia happen
It occurs through the production of new cell through stem cells
What is the example of hypertrophy and hyperplasia happening together
pregnancy
What cells can only go through hypertrophy
Permanent cells. They don’t have stem cell that allow them to go through hyperplasia
What is Atrophy
it is a decrease in stress and leads to the decrease in size. this can occur in size of the cells and the decrease in the number of cells.
How does atrophy occur in the body?
it occurs through the process called apoptosis.
What are the 2 process of decreasing the cell size
the Ubiquitin proteasome degradation and the autophagy
What is metaplasia
it is a change in the stress on organ leads to change in cell type.
How does metaplasia occur
through the reprogramming of stem cells.
What is the special characteristic of metaplasia
that it is reversible with removal of the driving stress that caused it to change.
What metaplasia can lead to
dysplasia and cancer and Vitamin A deficiency ( keratomalcia)
can apocrine metaplasia lead to cancer
No. it causes changes in the cell type in the breast but not cancer
What is dysplasia
it is a disorder cellular growth. typically meaning the start of cancer. it is refer to a the proliferation of precancerous cells (CIN)
How does dysplasia start?
it happens through the longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia
Is dysplasia reversible
Yes, if the stress decreases. if the stress continues then it develops into a carcinoma and that is irreversible.
What are the 4 adaptations of cellular growth
Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia.
What are the causes of cell injury?
deprivation, physical agent, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunologic reaction, genetics and nutritional imbalance.
What are the factors that play into the cell injury
stress, severity and the type of cell being affected.
What are the different cell types
Labile
Stable
Permanent
What is pathology?
the study of disease. you investigate the cause of disease and the classification of disease. you look at gross pathology and look at the physical and appearance of the specimen.
What is etiology?
the origin of a disease. underlying the causes and the modifying factors. Combination of inherited genes and environment triggers.
What is Pathogenesis?
it is the mechanism of disease Development. its taking a look at how the factors of etiology change the cells, tissues, organs systems and patients. what are the abnormalities, structure and the function of them.
What is a Labile cell and where are they located
continuous divide- unstable.
surface epithelia like stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, oral cavity, vagina and cervix. Lining mucosa of the excretory ducts of glands like salivary glands, pancreas and biliary tract. Columnar epithelium of gastrointestinal tract and uterus. transitional epithelium of urinary tract. cells of bone marrow and hematopoietic tissue
What are Stable cells and where are they located
Stable cells - Quiescent ( on hold but can go to G1) - seen in liver, kidney and pancreas, fibroblast and smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells. low level of replication and neigh cycling nor dying
What are permanent cells and where are they located
Permanent Cells - non dividing : Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle and nerve can’t make new cells and only go through hypertrophy.
What is Growth Factor
it is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing and cellular differential. usually a protein or a steroid.
How does the Growth Factor work
it binds to specific receptors that deliver signal to the target cells. (tyrosine kinase)
What are cyclins
they are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activation CDK enzymes.
What are the different types of atrophy?
disuse, ischemic, denervation, pressure and chemical and physical influences.
