Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 5 signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Rubor - redness - histamine dependent vasodilation
Tumor - swelling - Histamine dependent increase in vascular permeability
Calor - heat- histamine dependent vasodilation
Dolor - pain Due to Prostaglandin E2 and Bradykinin
Loss of function - sum total of the effect of inflammation

Question 2

What is inflammation

Answer 2

protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and remove the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult. this is a process involving host cells, protein and other mediators to leave the blood vessel and enter the interstitial space.

Question 3

What the 2 types of inflammation

Answer 3

Acute and chronic

Question 4

What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?

Answer 4

it is the type of cell that comes out in defense. If neutrophil comes out its acute. If leukocytes comes out, then its chronic.

Question 5

What are the characteristics of acute inflammation

Answer 5

edema and neutrophils

Question 6

What makes for the response of acute inflammation

Answer 6

infection and tissue necrosis

Question 7

What is the acute inflammation? Innate or acquired

Answer 7

Innate - quick response but limited specificity

Question 8

What are the factors that play on the acute inflammation

Answer 8

TLR
arachidonic acid
mast cell

Question 9

What are TLR

Answer 9

Toll like receptors on defense cells. they recognize PAMP on pathogens. when they see it, it informs the body that there is a infection in the body.

Question 10

What does TLR’s activate

Answer 10

NF-kB

Question 11

What is the function NF-kB

Answer 11

is the “on Switch” that turns on the acute inflammation of the body.

Question 12

What are examples of TLR

Answer 12

CD14 on macrophages

Question 13

What is arachidonic acid?

Answer 13

released from the phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A2. it is acted on by cyclooxygense to produce PG and 5-lipooxygenase to produce LT

Question 14

What is the function of cyclooxyrgenase

Answer 14

make prostalglandin (PGI2, PGD2, PGE2) that media vasodilation and increased vascular permeability alone with fever and pain.

Question 15

What is the function of 5-lipooxygenase

Answer 15

it make leukotrienes (LTB4)- that attracts and activates neutrophils. It also makes LTC,4, LTD4, LTE4 that mediates vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increase vascular permeability.

Question 16

How are mast cells activated

Answer 16

tissue tramua
C3a and C5a
Cross linking of cell surface igE by antigen

Question 17

What happens when mast cells are activated?

Answer 17

it releases histamine granules that mediate vasodilation of arterioles and increase vascular permeability
it also has a delayed response that produces arachidonic acids metabolites and leukotrienes

Question 18

What is the complement system

Answer 18

deals with the pro inflammatory serum proteins the complement inflammation. it circulates as inactive precursors. . it is used to activate inflammation, cell lysis, and opsonization

Question 19

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system

Answer 19

classical
alternative
Mannose binding lectin pathway

Question 20

What happens in the classical pathway

Answer 20

it is activated by classical pathway where the C1 binds to IgG air IgM that is bound to antigen

Question 21

What happens in the alternative pathway

Answer 21

there is the alternative pathway where microbial products directly activate

Question 22

What happens in the mannose lectin pathway

Answer 22

the last is mannose binding lectin pathway when MBL binds mannose on microorganism and activates.

Question 23

What are the key points of all the pathways

Answer 23

C3a and b, C5a and Terminal complement components C5b -C9

Question 24

What are the key products of the pathways

Answer 24

C3a and C5a - trigger mast cell degranulation
C5a- chemotactic for neutrophils
Terminal complement components C5b -C9- lyses microbes by creating holes in cell membrane
C3b- opsonin for phagocytosis

Question 25

What is the Hageman factor

Answer 25

inactive proinflammtory protein produced in liver. it turns on coagulation and fibrinolytic system, complement and kinin system

Question 26

What is fibroblast

Answer 26

A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen,[1] the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.Fibroblasts and fibrocytes are two states of the same cells, the former being the activated state, the latter the less active state, concerned with maintenance and tissue metabolism. Currently, there is a tendency to call both forms fibroblasts. The suffix “blast” is used in cellular biology to denote a stem cell or a cell in an activated state of metabolism.

Question 27

What are the features of inflammation

Answer 27

Onset, Cellular Infiltrate, Tissue Injury Fibrosis BV+CV and Local and Systemic Signs

Question 28

What happens in acute inflammation

Answer 28

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, cellular recruitment and activation

Question 29

What is edema

Answer 29

an excess of fluid in the intestinal space or serous cavities

Question 30

What are the types of edema

Answer 30

exudate and transudate

Question 31

What is exudate

Answer 31

an inflammatory extra vascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, specific gravity above 1.020. increased vascular permeability of small blood vessels in the area of injury

Question 32

What is transudate

Answer 32

fluid with low protein content which is albumin, low number of cells and specific gravity less than 1.012. and ultra filtrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalance across the vascular endothelium

Question 33

What are abscess?

Answer 33

an accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue Space