Inflammation Flashcards
What are the 5 signs of acute inflammation?
Rubor - redness - histamine dependent vasodilation
Tumor - swelling - Histamine dependent increase in vascular permeability
Calor - heat- histamine dependent vasodilation
Dolor - pain Due to Prostaglandin E2 and Bradykinin
Loss of function - sum total of the effect of inflammation
What is inflammation
protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and remove the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult. this is a process involving host cells, protein and other mediators to leave the blood vessel and enter the interstitial space.
What the 2 types of inflammation
Acute and chronic
What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?
it is the type of cell that comes out in defense. If neutrophil comes out its acute. If leukocytes comes out, then its chronic.
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation
edema and neutrophils
What makes for the response of acute inflammation
infection and tissue necrosis
What is the acute inflammation? Innate or acquired
Innate - quick response but limited specificity
What are the factors that play on the acute inflammation
TLR
arachidonic acid
mast cell
What are TLR
Toll like receptors on defense cells. they recognize PAMP on pathogens. when they see it, it informs the body that there is a infection in the body.
What does TLR’s activate
NF-kB
What is the function NF-kB
is the “on Switch” that turns on the acute inflammation of the body.
What are examples of TLR
CD14 on macrophages
What is arachidonic acid?
released from the phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A2. it is acted on by cyclooxygense to produce PG and 5-lipooxygenase to produce LT
What is the function of cyclooxyrgenase
make prostalglandin (PGI2, PGD2, PGE2) that media vasodilation and increased vascular permeability alone with fever and pain.
What is the function of 5-lipooxygenase
it make leukotrienes (LTB4)- that attracts and activates neutrophils. It also makes LTC,4, LTD4, LTE4 that mediates vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increase vascular permeability.
How are mast cells activated
tissue tramua
C3a and C5a
Cross linking of cell surface igE by antigen
What happens when mast cells are activated?
it releases histamine granules that mediate vasodilation of arterioles and increase vascular permeability
it also has a delayed response that produces arachidonic acids metabolites and leukotrienes
What is the complement system
deals with the pro inflammatory serum proteins the complement inflammation. it circulates as inactive precursors. . it is used to activate inflammation, cell lysis, and opsonization
What are the 3 pathways of the complement system
classical
alternative
Mannose binding lectin pathway
What happens in the classical pathway
it is activated by classical pathway where the C1 binds to IgG air IgM that is bound to antigen
What happens in the alternative pathway
there is the alternative pathway where microbial products directly activate
What happens in the mannose lectin pathway
the last is mannose binding lectin pathway when MBL binds mannose on microorganism and activates.
What are the key points of all the pathways
C3a and b, C5a and Terminal complement components C5b -C9
What are the key products of the pathways
C3a and C5a - trigger mast cell degranulation
C5a- chemotactic for neutrophils
Terminal complement components C5b -C9- lyses microbes by creating holes in cell membrane
C3b- opsonin for phagocytosis
What is the Hageman factor
inactive proinflammtory protein produced in liver. it turns on coagulation and fibrinolytic system, complement and kinin system
What is fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen,[1] the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.Fibroblasts and fibrocytes are two states of the same cells, the former being the activated state, the latter the less active state, concerned with maintenance and tissue metabolism. Currently, there is a tendency to call both forms fibroblasts. The suffix “blast” is used in cellular biology to denote a stem cell or a cell in an activated state of metabolism.
What are the features of inflammation
Onset, Cellular Infiltrate, Tissue Injury Fibrosis BV+CV and Local and Systemic Signs
What happens in acute inflammation
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, cellular recruitment and activation
What is edema
an excess of fluid in the intestinal space or serous cavities
What are the types of edema
exudate and transudate
What is exudate
an inflammatory extra vascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, specific gravity above 1.020. increased vascular permeability of small blood vessels in the area of injury
What is transudate
fluid with low protein content which is albumin, low number of cells and specific gravity less than 1.012. and ultra filtrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalance across the vascular endothelium
What are abscess?
an accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue Space
