Cell death, Necrosis and apoptosis

Question 1

What happens if the stress persist for a long time

Answer 1

Then the cell will experience cell death

Question 2

What is the hallmark of cell death

Answer 2

the death or loss of the nucleus

Question 3

What are the mechanism of how you can lose the nucleus?

Answer 3

Pyknosis (shrinking of the nucleus), Karyorrhexis (breaking up of the nucleus into pieces) and Karyolysis dissolution of the nucleus)

Question 4

What are the two mechanism of cell death?

Answer 4

Necrosis (murder) and Apoptosis (suicide)

Question 5

What is Coagulative necrosis

Answer 5

tissue the is necrotic but firm Coagulative Necrosis - becomes firmer in the organ. it is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. also this tissue has been dead for a couple of day. the nucleus disappears.

Question 6

What is liquefactive necrosis

Answer 6

pick for infraction in the brain. there is no infraction in the brain other than this. This is a result in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass by an enzyme. it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infection. There will be a missing piece of the brain. For liquefactive, macrophage clean up the lips debris.

Question 7

What is the organ that Coagulative Necrosis will never occur

Answer 7

the Brain

Question 8

What is red infarction

Answer 8

it is when the blood reenters the organ in a loose tissue.

Question 9

What are the normal location of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 9

Brain
abscess
Pancreatitis

Question 10

What is Gangrene necrosis

Answer 10

it is a coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue

Question 11

What is the big characteristic of Gangrene necrosis

Answer 11

ischemia of ewer limb and GI tract

Question 12

What are the two types of gangrene

Answer 12

wet and dry

Question 13

What happens if there is a infection that occurs while having gangrene

Answer 13

wet gangrene (pus)

Question 14

What happens when gangrene is in the bloodstream

Answer 14

it is called sepsis.

Question 15

What is Caseous necrosis

Answer 15

is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance ( Friable- it crumbs). The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass.

Question 16

What are the causes of Caseous necrosis

Answer 16

it is from an encounter tuberculous infections and also syphilis and certain fungi. you will have to do an acid fast stain to diagnose the necrosis. the area of caseous necrosis is often closed with a distinctive inflammatory border is granuloma.

Question 17

What is Fat necrosis

Answer 17

adipose tissue with a chalky whit appearance due to the deposition of calcium

Question 18

What is the enzyme that is involved in fat necrosis

Answer 18

In fat necrosis the enzyme lipase releases fatty acids from triglycerides. The fatty acids then complex with calcium to form soaps. These soaps appear as white chalky deposits.It is usually associated with trauma of the pancreas or acute pancreatitis.I

Question 19

Where do you see fat necrosis

Answer 19

breast and pancreatitis mediated damage of peripacreatic fat

Question 20

What is Fibrinoid Necrosis

Answer 20

necrotic damage to blood vessel wall and the leaking of proteins into the vessel wall resulting in bright pink stain

Question 21

What is Saponification

Answer 21

Fatty acids released by trauma or lipase join with calcium. (soap)

Question 22

What is apoptosis

Answer 22

energy ATP dependent, genetically programmed cell death involving single cells or small groups of cells.

Question 23

What is fibrinoid necrosis associated with

Answer 23

vasculitis, malignant hypertension, preeclampsia or hyperacute transplant

Question 24

What are examples of apoptosis

Answer 24

endometrial shedding during menstrual cycle
removal of cells during embryogenesis
CD8 T-cells mediated killing of virally infected cells

Question 25

What are the ways that apoptosis can happen

Answer 25

blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.

Question 26

What is the key mediator of apoptosis

Answer 26

caspases. they activate proteases and endonucleases

Question 27

What are the two pathways of apoptosis

Answer 27

Intrinsic mitochondrial and Death receptor

Question 28

What is intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Answer 28

his deals with something that force that cause apoptosis. this force would be cell injury, DNA damage (cancer), or decrease of hormonal stimulation

Question 29

What is the key to intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Answer 29

Cytochrome C. BCL2 is used to stabilize the mitochondria for Cytochrome C so it doesn’t leak. If there is damage to BCL2, then Cytochrome C leaks and activates capases.

Question 30

What is Extrinsic receptor ligand pathway ( Death receptor)

Answer 30

FAS ligand binds to the FAS death receptor on the target cell. Some from the outside world finds a receptor that activates apoptosis.

Question 31

What is the process of the Extrinsic receptor pathway

Answer 31

This comes from the T-cells coming from the bone marrow and needed to get information from the thymus on what to do. it goes through 2 selections in order to do that.
Positive selection: t-cells are asked can the bind Self antigen plus MHC. If yes, it survives and goes on to the next test
Negative selection: T-cell are asked do you bind self antigen to strongly? if yes, the cell is destroyed during this selection.