Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 1

it is characterized by lymphocytes and plasma cells in tissue and is a delayed response but more specific. considered to be the adaptive immunity

Question 2

What causes chronic inflammation

Answer 2

persistent infection, infection with viruses, mycobacteria, parasites and fungi, autoimmune disease, foreign material and some cancers

Question 3

What activates t cells

Answer 3

Binding of Antigen/MHC complex and additional 2nd signal.

Question 4

What is the mechanism for activation for CD4 T cell

Answer 4

APC or antigen presenting cells take an extracellular antigen phagocytose, process and present it via MHC class 2 and show to the CD4 T cell. the second signal of the activation is B7 on the APC that bind CD28 and that provides the second signal.

Question 5

What happens when the CD4 cells are activated

Answer 5

it secretes cytokines that help with inflammation. this help is divided into B cells and CD8 T cells that activate either Th1 and Th2

Question 6

What is the function of Th1-

Answer 6

it activates the IL-2 ( t cell growth and CD8 t cell activation) and IFN ( macrophage activator).

Question 7

What is the Th2 function

Answer 7

it helps the B cells with IL4,5 and 10. 
IL-4 deals with class switching of IgG and IgE 
IL-5 - eosinophil chemotaxis and activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells and class switching of IgA) 
IL-10- inhibits th-1phenotype

Question 8

how are CD8 activated

Answer 8

it deals with MHC 1. this deals with INTRACELLULAR antigen is process and presented on MHC 1. The second signal that activates is IL-2 from CD4 Th1. this activates the killing of the cytotoxic T cell.

Question 9

How does CD8 kill

Answer 9

it secretes perforins and granszyme that induce apoptosis of the target cell or they can express FasL that binds to Fas on the target cell activating apoptosis.

Question 10

What are b lymphocytes?

Answer 10

mmature B cells that are produced in the bone marrow that undergo IgG rearrangment to become naive B cell that express IgM and D.

Question 11

How are B cells activated

Answer 11

antigen binding by the surface IgM or IgD. also it can go through the antigen/MHC binding complex and the second signal process. it does this through antigen presented to the CD4 MHC class 2 and the second signal coming from CD40 receptor on B cell binds CD40L on helper T cell providing 2nd activation signal.

Question 12

What does the activation of helper T cells do for B cells

Answer 12

Secrete IL-4 and IL-5

Question 13

What are the subtypes for B lymphocytes

Answer 13

granulomas and non-granulomas

Question 14

What is granuloma chronic inflammation

Answer 14

inflammation that is characterized by epithelia histiocytes and is surround by giant cells and rim of lymphocytes and is divided into nocaseating and caseating subtypes

Question 15

What are the subtypes of granuloma and

Answer 15

Noncaseating and caseating

Question 16

What is the difference between noncaseating and caveating

Answer 16

lacks central necrosis for non caseating

Question 17

What are the steps in granuloma formation

Answer 17

it is an interaction between Macrophages and CD4 helper T cells. the macrophages join the antigen and express through CD4 helper T cells. once they bind, they secrete IL-12 that induces the CD4 CD4 helper cells to differentiate into Th1 subtype. Th1 cells secrete IFN- gamma that convert macrophages tot he epithelia histories and the giant cells of granuloma.

Question 18

What is hemophilia A

Answer 18

Haemophilia A is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII,[1] which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males. About 70% of the time it is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, but around 30% of cases arise from spontaneous mutations.

Question 19

What is hemophilia B

Answer 19

Haemophilia B (or hemophilia B) is a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation of the factor IX gene, leading to a deficiency of factor IX. It is the second-most common form of haemophilia, rarer than haemophilia A. It is sometimes called Christmas disease, named after Stephen Christmas, the first patient described with this disease.[1] In addition, the first report of its identification was published in the Christmas edition of the British Medical Journal.[2]