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inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

inflammation is a response of unvascularized tissue to tissue damage or infectious agents to bring immune cells from circulation to tissue site
T or F

A

F
vascularized tissue

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2
Q

list the key signs of inflammation

A

calor - heat
dolor - pain
rubor - tumor
dolor - pain
function lasae

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3
Q

list the steps in inflammation

A

Recognition of injurious agent
Recruitment
Removal of injurious agent
Regulation
Repair/Resolution of tissue

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4
Q

what immune cells are involved in this injury/ disorders:
Acute Acute respiratory distress syndrome - ____A____
Asthma - ____B____
Glomerulonephritis - ____C____
Septic shock - _____D_____
Chronic:
Arthritis - ____ E____
Asthma - _____F_____
Atherosclerosis - ____G____
Pulmonary fibrosis - ____H____

A

A - neutrophils
B eosinophils and igE
C Antibodies and complement
D cytokines
E lymphocytes and macrophages
F eosinophils and IgE
G macrophages and lymphocytes
E - fibroblasts and macrophage

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5
Q

rapid response, develops between minutes and hrs, short duration, exudate, emigration of polymorphonuclear cells(predominantly neutrophils) are features of acute inflammation
T or F

A

T

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6
Q

slow onset,, more tissue destruction, proliferation of blood vessels, presence of lymphocytes and neutrophils and deposition of connective tissue are all features of chronic inflammation
T or F

A

F
it is lymphocytes and macrophages
neutrophils are present in acute inflammation

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7
Q

exudate is an intravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and contains cellular debris
T or F

A

F
extravascular fluid

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8
Q

low protein content
low cellular material
and low specific gravity are all characteristics of transudate
T or F

A

T

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9
Q

Transudate is a plasma ultrafiltrate produced due to pressure imbalance across the capillaries
T or F

A

T

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10
Q

Edema is the presence of fluid in the interstitial tissue
T or F

A

F
excess fluid

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11
Q

Pus is an inflammatory exudate which is rich in what type of whiy blood cells?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

what is responsible for calor and rubor seen in inflammation

A

increased blood flow

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13
Q

the most notable vasodilator in accute inflammation is?

A

histamine via it’s action on smooth muscle

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14
Q

engorgement of small vessels with slow movement of rbc in inflammation is termed?

A

stasis
stasis allows leukocytes to marginalize (go towards the vessel walls)

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15
Q

increased vascular permeability seen in acute inflammation occurs in what vessels

A

Post capillary venules

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16
Q

what is the hallmark of acute inflammation

A

increased vascular permeability

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17
Q

____ is called the “immediate transient response” and it is elicited by molecules such as?

A

contraction of vascular endothelial
histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, nitric oxide

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18
Q

example of delayed prolonged leakage is seen in mild injury such as

A

late appearing sunburn

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19
Q

list the 3 mechanisms involved in increasing vascular permeability

A

contraction of endothelial cells
injury to endothelial cells causing gaps
transcytosis

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20
Q

transcytosis is stimulated by growth factors such as?

A

vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)

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21
Q

The most important leukocytes involved in acute inflammation are?

A

ones capable of phagocytic actions
macrophages and neutrophils

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22
Q

movements of leukocyte from lumen to tissue is mediated and controlled by?

A

adhesion molecules(integrins, selectin) and chemokines

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23
Q

list the 3 leukocyte movements that occur in the lumen

A

margination
rolling
adhesion

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24
Q

The process of leukocyte distribution in the lumen of blood vessels is called

A

margination

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25
Q

expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and leukocytes is regulated by?

A

cytokines(TNF & IL-1)

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26
Q

_____stimulate the redistribution of P-selectin from its normal intracellular stores in endothelial cell granules to the cell surface

A

histamine and thrombin

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27
Q

endothelial cell granules are also known as _____

A
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28
Q

Weibel-Palade bodies stores what kind of adhesion molecule

A

P- selectin

29
Q

leukocytes express L-selectin on what part of their cell membrane

A

on their microvilli

30
Q

selectins are high affinity reaction with fast off rate
T or F

A

F
low affinity reaction which allows them to quickly bind and unbind leading to rolling

31
Q

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelum is mediated by surface proteins called?

A

integrins
nb: integeins are heterodimeric

32
Q

The ligands present on endothelial that allows them to bind to integrins expressed on leukocytes are ____ and ____

A

VCAM- 1 (for B-1 integrins e.g VLA-4)
ICAM-1 (for B-2 integrins e.g LFA-1 and Mac-1)
Nb: Vcam = Vascular cell adhesion molecule
icam = intercellular adhesion molecule

33
Q

integrins are expressed normally on leukocyte in their high affinity states and when activated they are converted to their low affinity states
T or F

A

F
low affinity normally
high affinity when activated

34
Q

migration of leukocyte across the endothelium is called?

A

diapedesis or transmigration

35
Q

list adhesion molecules involved in transmigration

A

CD-31 or PECAM-1

36
Q

endogenous chemoattractant include?

A

chemokines e.g IL-8
complement protein c5a
leukotrienes B4
5HETE
nb: this chemoattractant act by binding to 7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors on leukocytes

37
Q

leukocytes move in the extracellular matrix by cell extensions called

A

filopodia

38
Q

in acute inflammation neutrophils predominate for how many hours

A

6- 24
they are replaced my monocytes in 24-48 hours
neutrophils have a life span of 24-48 hrs in tissue before they undergo apoptosis

39
Q

in PROLONGED inflammatory reactions what type of cell predominate

A

monocytes
although there are exceptions to this such as:
pseudomonas bacterium (neutrophils)
viral infection (lymphocytes)
allergic reaction (eosinophils)

40
Q

The 3 major opsonins in the body are

A

igG
c3b
plasma lectins such as mannose binding lectin

41
Q

The macrophage mannose receptor is a lectin that binds terminal mannose and fucose residues of glycoproteins and glycolipid
T or F

A

T

42
Q

Phagocytosis is independent of polymerization of actin filaments

A

F
it is dependent
The process of phagocytosis is complex and involves the integration of many receptor-initiated signals that lead to membrane remodeling and cytoskeletal changes.

43
Q

the pinching off of cell membrane that surrounds a particle that has been phagocytized is called a?

A

phagosome

44
Q

killing of microbes is achieved by 3 class of compounds which are?

A

ROS
reactive nitrogen species
lysosomal enzymes

45
Q

ROS are produced when the enzyme____ oxidizes NADPH and subsequently reduce oxygen to superoxide anion

A

NADPH oxidase
in neutrophils this whole process is termed respiratory burst

46
Q

the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils.

A

H202-MPO-halide system

47
Q

the lysosomal/phagolysosome enzyme that converts H202(peroxjde) to Ocl2 (hypochlorite) is ?

A

myeloperoxidase

48
Q

nitric oxide is produced from arginine by the enzyme

A

nitric oxide synthase

49
Q

list the 3 types of nitric oxide synthase

A

eNOS - endothelial
nNOS - neuronal
iNOS - inducible (involved in microbial killing)

50
Q

In macrophages, NO reacts with superoxide to generate the highly reactive free radical peroxynitrite
T or F

A

T

51
Q

The smaller (or secondary) granules of macrophages contain lysozyme, collagenase, gelatinase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase
T or F

A

F
granules of neutrophils not macrophages

52
Q

The larger azurophil (or primary) lysosomal granules of neutrophils contain myeloperoxidase, bactericidal factors (lysozyme, defensins), acid hydrolases, and a variety of neutral proteases (elastase, cathepsin G, nonspecific collagenases, proteinase 3)
T or F

A

T

53
Q

acid proteases in neutrophils granules degrade ____A____ while neutral proteases degrade ___B___

A

A bacteria and debris within phagolysosome
B extracellular components such as collagen etc
nb:
destruction of extracellular components by neutral proteases is the casue of the resulting tissue damage that accompanies inflammation

54
Q

the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase is?

A

α1-antitrypsin

this inhibits neutrophils from carrying out their inflammatory functions and therefore inhibits inflammation

55
Q

Neutrophil extracellular traps are extracellular fibrillar networks with a mesh work of nuclear chromatin that provide a high concentration of antimicrobial substances at sites of infection and prevent the spread of the microbes by trapping them in the fibrils.
T or F

A

T

56
Q

Termination of inflammation is via

A

production of antiinflammatory lipoxins(A4 and B4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10.

57
Q

You are an attractive person
T or F

A

T
you look cute my gee

58
Q

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and endothelial activation are all actions of histamine
T or F

A

T

59
Q

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial activation, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst are all actions of platelet activating factor
T or F

A

F
doesn’t cause endothelial activation

60
Q

Increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain are all actions of kinin such as bradykinin
T or F

A

T

61
Q

The major cell types that produce mediators of acute inflammation are the sentinel cells
list 3 sentinel cells

A

mast cells
macrophages
dendritic cells

62
Q

the major sources of histamine are?

A

mast cells
basophils
platelets

63
Q

the complement proteins that cause histamine release from mast cells are,?

A

C3a and C5a (anphylatoxins)

64
Q

substance p, il-1 and il-8 can trigger histamine release
T or F

A

T

65
Q

Histamine causes dilation of <__A___> and increases the permeability of ___B____

A

A arterioles
B postcapillary venules

66
Q

the vasoactive effects of histamine are mediated via binding to _____ receptors on microvascular endothelial cells.

A

H1 receptors

67
Q

antihistamine drugs are antagonist to what receptors

A

H1 receptors

68
Q

Serotonis is present in mast cells in humans
T or F

A

False
mast cells in rodents

Morbid (9 decks)

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