inflammation Flashcards by Jesutofunmi Ogunbona

inflammation is a response of unvascularized tissue to tissue damage or infectious agents to bring immune cells from circulation to tissue site
T or F

F
vascularized tissue

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list the key signs of inflammation

calor - heat
dolor - pain
rubor - tumor
dolor - pain
function lasae

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list the steps in inflammation

Recognition of injurious agent
Recruitment
Removal of injurious agent
Regulation
Repair/Resolution of tissue

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what immune cells are involved in this injury/ disorders:
Acute Acute respiratory distress syndrome - ____A____
Asthma - ____B____
Glomerulonephritis - ____C____
Septic shock - _____D_____
Chronic:
Arthritis - ____ E____
Asthma - _____F_____
Atherosclerosis - ____G____
Pulmonary fibrosis - ____H____

A - neutrophils
B eosinophils and igE
C Antibodies and complement
D cytokines
E lymphocytes and macrophages
F eosinophils and IgE
G macrophages and lymphocytes
E - fibroblasts and macrophage

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rapid response, develops between minutes and hrs, short duration, exudate, emigration of polymorphonuclear cells(predominantly neutrophils) are features of acute inflammation
T or F

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slow onset,, more tissue destruction, proliferation of blood vessels, presence of lymphocytes and neutrophils and deposition of connective tissue are all features of chronic inflammation
T or F

F
it is lymphocytes and macrophages
neutrophils are present in acute inflammation

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exudate is an intravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and contains cellular debris
T or F

F
extravascular fluid

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low protein content
low cellular material
and low specific gravity are all characteristics of transudate
T or F

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Transudate is a plasma ultrafiltrate produced due to pressure imbalance across the capillaries
T or F

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Edema is the presence of fluid in the interstitial tissue
T or F

F
excess fluid

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Pus is an inflammatory exudate which is rich in what type of whiy blood cells?

Neutrophils

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what is responsible for calor and rubor seen in inflammation

increased blood flow

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the most notable vasodilator in accute inflammation is?

histamine via it’s action on smooth muscle

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engorgement of small vessels with slow movement of rbc in inflammation is termed?

stasis
stasis allows leukocytes to marginalize (go towards the vessel walls)

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increased vascular permeability seen in acute inflammation occurs in what vessels

Post capillary venules

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what is the hallmark of acute inflammation

increased vascular permeability

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____ is called the “immediate transient response” and it is elicited by molecules such as?

contraction of vascular endothelial
histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, nitric oxide

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example of delayed prolonged leakage is seen in mild injury such as

late appearing sunburn

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list the 3 mechanisms involved in increasing vascular permeability

contraction of endothelial cells
injury to endothelial cells causing gaps
transcytosis

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transcytosis is stimulated by growth factors such as?

vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)

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The most important leukocytes involved in acute inflammation are?

ones capable of phagocytic actions
macrophages and neutrophils

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movements of leukocyte from lumen to tissue is mediated and controlled by?

adhesion molecules(integrins, selectin) and chemokines

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list the 3 leukocyte movements that occur in the lumen

margination
rolling
adhesion

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The process of leukocyte distribution in the lumen of blood vessels is called

margination

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expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and leukocytes is regulated by?

cytokines(TNF & IL-1)

_____stimulate the redistribution of P-selectin from its normal intracellular stores in endothelial cell granules to the cell surface

histamine and thrombin

endothelial cell granules are also known as _____

Weibel-Palade bodies stores what kind of adhesion molecule

P- selectin

leukocytes express L-selectin on what part of their cell membrane

on their microvilli

selectins are high affinity reaction with fast off rate T or F

F low affinity reaction which allows them to quickly bind and unbind leading to rolling

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelum is mediated by surface proteins called?

integrins nb: integeins are heterodimeric

The ligands present on endothelial that allows them to bind to integrins expressed on leukocytes are ____ and ____

VCAM- 1 (for B-1 integrins e.g VLA-4) ICAM-1 (for B-2 integrins e.g LFA-1 and Mac-1) Nb: Vcam = Vascular cell adhesion molecule icam = intercellular adhesion molecule

integrins are expressed normally on leukocyte in their high affinity states and when activated they are converted to their low affinity states T or F

F low affinity normally high affinity when activated

migration of leukocyte across the endothelium is called?

diapedesis or transmigration

list adhesion molecules involved in transmigration

CD-31 or PECAM-1

endogenous chemoattractant include?

chemokines e.g IL-8 complement protein c5a leukotrienes B4 5HETE nb: this chemoattractant act by binding to 7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors on leukocytes

leukocytes move in the extracellular matrix by cell extensions called

filopodia

in acute inflammation neutrophils predominate for how many hours

6- 24 they are replaced my monocytes in 24-48 hours neutrophils have a life span of 24-48 hrs in tissue before they undergo apoptosis

in PROLONGED inflammatory reactions what type of cell predominate

monocytes although there are exceptions to this such as: pseudomonas bacterium (neutrophils) viral infection (lymphocytes) allergic reaction (eosinophils)

The 3 major opsonins in the body are

igG c3b plasma lectins such as mannose binding lectin

The macrophage mannose receptor is a lectin that binds terminal mannose and fucose residues of glycoproteins and glycolipid T or F

Phagocytosis is independent of polymerization of actin filaments

F it is dependent The process of phagocytosis is complex and involves the integration of many receptor-initiated signals that lead to membrane remodeling and cytoskeletal changes.

the pinching off of cell membrane that surrounds a particle that has been phagocytized is called a?

phagosome

killing of microbes is achieved by 3 class of compounds which are?

ROS reactive nitrogen species lysosomal enzymes

ROS are produced when the enzyme____ oxidizes NADPH and subsequently reduce oxygen to superoxide anion

NADPH oxidase in neutrophils this whole process is termed respiratory burst

the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils.

H202-MPO-halide system

the lysosomal/phagolysosome enzyme that converts H202(peroxjde) to Ocl2 (hypochlorite) is ?

myeloperoxidase

nitric oxide is produced from arginine by the enzyme

nitric oxide synthase

list the 3 types of nitric oxide synthase

eNOS - endothelial nNOS - neuronal iNOS - inducible (involved in microbial killing)

In macrophages, NO reacts with superoxide to generate the highly reactive free radical peroxynitrite T or F

The smaller (or secondary) granules of macrophages contain lysozyme, collagenase, gelatinase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase T or F

F granules of neutrophils not macrophages

The larger azurophil (or primary) lysosomal granules of neutrophils contain myeloperoxidase, bactericidal factors (lysozyme, defensins), acid hydrolases, and a variety of neutral proteases (elastase, cathepsin G, nonspecific collagenases, proteinase 3) T or F

acid proteases in neutrophils granules degrade ____A____ while neutral proteases degrade ___B___

A bacteria and debris within phagolysosome B extracellular components such as collagen etc nb: destruction of extracellular components by neutral proteases is the casue of the resulting tissue damage that accompanies inflammation

the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase is?

α1-antitrypsin this inhibits neutrophils from carrying out their inflammatory functions and therefore inhibits inflammation

Neutrophil extracellular traps are extracellular fibrillar networks with a mesh work of nuclear chromatin that provide a high concentration of antimicrobial substances at sites of infection and prevent the spread of the microbes by trapping them in the fibrils. T or F

Termination of inflammation is via

production of antiinflammatory lipoxins(A4 and B4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10.

You are an attractive person T or F

T you look cute my gee

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and endothelial activation are all actions of histamine T or F

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial activation, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst are all actions of platelet activating factor T or F

F doesn't cause endothelial activation

Increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain are all actions of kinin such as bradykinin T or F

The major cell types that produce mediators of acute inflammation are the sentinel cells list 3 sentinel cells

mast cells macrophages dendritic cells

the major sources of histamine are?

mast cells basophils platelets

the complement proteins that cause histamine release from mast cells are,?

C3a and C5a (anphylatoxins)

substance p, il-1 and il-8 can trigger histamine release T or F

Histamine causes dilation of <__A___> and increases the permeability of ___B____

A arterioles B postcapillary venules

the vasoactive effects of histamine are mediated via binding to _____ receptors on microvascular endothelial cells.

H1 receptors

antihistamine drugs are antagonist to what receptors

H1 receptors

Serotonis is present in mast cells in humans T or F

False mast cells in rodents