Disturbance of fluid

Question 1

what percentage of body is water in an adult male

Answer 1

60%
50% in women
with 75% of this volume making up the ICF

Question 2

how many liters of lymph js present in the body

Answer 2

6-10 litrss

Question 3

severe and generalized oedema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling is present in the pathological condition known as

Answer 3

Anasarca

Question 4

the primary force driving fluid transport between the capillaries and tissue is

Answer 4

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

____ is the force that drives fluid out of capillaries and into the tissues

Answer 5

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

blood oncotic pressure is determined by

Answer 6

plasma protein

Question 7

blood has a higher coloidal concentration and lower water concentration than tissue fluid
T or F

Answer 7

T
the coloidal concentration is due to presence of plasma protein in blood and absence in tissue fluid

Question 8

how many litres of water is filtered per day and how many is reabsorbed

Answer 8

24 litres filtered
20.4 litres reabsorbed

the remaining fluid not reabsorbed is picked up by the lymphatics

Question 9

edema fluid is either ____ or ____

Answer 9

exudate(inflammatory and protein rich) or transudate(non-inflammatory and protein poor)

Question 10

edema fluid due to high hydrostatic pressure is called

Answer 10

transudate
exudate is due to increased vascular permeability(seen in inflammation)

Question 11

which oedema fluid has a specific gravity >1.020

Answer 11

exudate
transudate has specific gravity <1.012

Question 12

if effusionprotein/serumprotein level is >0.5 the fluid is an ____

Answer 12

exudate

this criteria and 3 other criterias are known as light’s criteria

Question 13

if effusion LDH / serum LDH is >0.6
the fluid is ____

Answer 13

an exudate

LDH =lactate dehydrogenase

also if effusion ldh is greater than 2/3 the upper limit of reference serum ldh range

Question 14

list the 3 primary causes of edema

Answer 14

increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
lymphatic obstruction

sodium retention and inflammation are other causes of edema

Question 15

list 2 primart things that causes increased hydrostatic pressure

Answer 15

arteriolar dilation
impared venous return (due to congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, venous obstruction due to thrombus or compression)

Question 16

protein losing nephropathy(nephrotic syndrome) and gastroenteropathy, liver cirrhosis, and malnutrition are all causes of reduced oncotic pressure
T or F

Answer 16

T

Question 17

the type of edema seen in congestive cardiac failure is

Answer 17

transudate

Question 18

oedema in cirrhosis is due to

Answer 18

decreased production of plasma protein(reduced oncotic pressure)

Question 19

oedema occurs when serum albumin level falls below ____

Answer 19

25g/L
normal range is 35-55g/L

Question 20

oedema seen in liver cirrhosis can be due to 3 main causes which are

Answer 20

hypoprotenemia
accumulation of vasodilators (the liver naturally degrades vasodilators)
Portal Hypertension

Question 21

list two pathological condition in which renal edema is seen

Answer 21

Acute glomerulonephritis(due to increased sodium absorption)
Nephrotic syndrome(due to loss of protein in urea)

Question 22

in pulmonary edema the lungs are usually 2-3 times their normal weight
T or F

Answer 22

T

Question 23

in cerebral edema, what are the changes observed in the brain

Answer 23

the brain is swollen
the sulci are narrowed
the gyri is flattened

Question 24

West nile virus can cause BRAIN edema
T or F

Answer 24

T
by causing encephalitis

Question 25

Macroscopically edema fluid is seen as cell swelling and separation of extracellular matrix elements
T or F

Answer 25

F
these are MICROSCOPIC features of edema

Question 26

dependent edema is a feature of congestive cardiac failure
T or F

Answer 26

T
dependent edema is edema specific to parts of the body that are under the influence of gravity such as arms feet and legs

Question 27

pulmonary edema is majorly caused by what pathological instance

Answer 27

left ventricular failure (causes back flow of blood to left atrium leading to congestion of pulmonary vein thus edema results)

can also occur in renal failure

Question 28

dependent edema and generalized body edema are 2 examples of ____ edema

Answer 28

subcutaneous edema

Question 29

generalized body edema is usually associated with what disease

Answer 29

Renal disease