Inflammation Flashcards
What is inflammation
Acute/Chronic response to tissue injury
What can cause acute inflammation
Infections
Hypsersenitivity reactions
-By means of Neutrophil Polymorphs
What are neutrophil polymorphs
Neutrophils w/Varying number of lobes
-Can have Barr bodies in females (Silenced X chromosome in lyonisation)
What can cause chronic inflammation
Recurrent infections
Autoimmunity
-By means of macrophages and lymphocytes
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
Rubor Dolor Calor Tumor Loss of function
What are the stages of inflammation
Increased vessel calibre - vasodilation by inflammatory cytokines
Fluid exudate - Leaky vessels force fluid out
Cellular exudate - exudate is neutrophil abundant
How is vessel calibre increased in inflammation
Inflammatory cytokines (Bradykinin, Prostacyclin and NO) cause vasodilation
What’s the difference between fluid and cellular exudate in inflammation
Fluid exudate = Fluid out by leaky vessel
Cellular exudate = Neutrophil abundance
What is the action of neutrophils in Acute inflammation
Margination (Neutrophil migrate to Blood vessel edge)
Adhesion (Neutrophil bind to selectin = rolling along Blood vessel margin)
Emigration (Movement out of Blood vessel)
Chemotaxis to inflammation site
What happens at the site of inflammation
1) Phagocytosis
2) Phagolysosome and bacterial killing
3) Macrophage clearing of debris
What are the 4 outcomes of Acute inflammation
Resolution (Normal fix)
Suppuration (Pus form)
Organisation (Granulation tissue and fibrosis)
Progression (Recurrent inflammation = chronic and fibrous tissue)
What tissue can never resolve from organisation
Cardiac and neurones
What is a granuloma
Horse shoe shaped Macrophages (Eptheloid Histocyte)
What are the two types of granulomas
Caseating (Central necrosis in TB) Non Caseating (No central necrosis in Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis and Crohns)
How can granulomas make parasites
Granuloma + Eosinophil = Parasite
