Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of carcinogenesis

A

neoplastic cell transformation and proliferation by permanent mutation

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2
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Autonomous, Abnormal and persistent new growth

-Arise from nucleated cells (No erythrocytes)

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3
Q

What cells can’t neoplasms arise some

A

Erythrocytes as no nucleus

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4
Q

What is a tumour

A

An abnormal swelling

-Neoplasm w/ inflammation, hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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5
Q

How are tumours classified by

A

Behaviour

Histogenesis

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6
Q

Describe Benign behaviour of tumours

A
Local (No bone marrow involved)
Slow
Well circumscribed
Exophytic (Outward growth)
No Ulcer/necrosis
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7
Q

Describe malignant behaviour of tumours

A
Bone marrow invading
Fast mitotic growth w/Hyper-dense nuclei
Poor Circumscribed
Endophytic (Inward growth)
Necrosis and Ulcers form
Poor differentiation (No resemblance to origin cell)
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8
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be well differentiated

A

Close resemblance to origin cell

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9
Q

How can benign tumours pose problems

A

Hormone secreting
-Prolactinoma
Local structure pressure
-Bilateral hemianopia

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10
Q

Why doe malignant tumours cause problem

A
Pressure on structures
Secondary tumour formation
Obstruction
Painful
Blood loss
Paraneoplastic (SIADH/Cushings)
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11
Q

What is the difference between endophytic and exophytic tumours

A
Exophytic = Outward benign growth
Endophytic = Inward Bening growth
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12
Q

Paippiloma, Carcinoma, Adenoma and Aden carcinoma all belong to which tumour cell origin

A

Epithelium (Carcinoma)

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13
Q

What is a Papilloma

A

Non Glandular benign

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14
Q

What is a Carcinoma

A

Non glandular malignant

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15
Q

What is an Adenoma

A

Gandular benign

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16
Q

What is an Adenocarcinoma

A

Glandular malignant

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17
Q

Sarcomas arise from what cell origin

A

Connective tissue

18
Q

Lipoma and Liposarcoma are tumours of what cells

A

Adipocytes

19
Q

Skeletal muscle sarcomas are called what

A

Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma

20
Q

Smooth muscle sarcomas are called what

A

Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma

21
Q

Chondroma and chondrosarcoma belong to what tissue

22
Q

Bone tumours are known as what

A

Osteoma and Osteosarcoma

23
Q

What are the two types of Malignant lymphoid tumours

A

Leukaemia

Lymphoma

24
Q

How are tumours graded in relation to the parent cell

A

Well differentiated = >75% resemblance
Moderate Differentiation = 10-75%
Poor Differentiation = <10% resemblance

25
What are the characteristics of a neoplastic cell
``` Autocrine growth (Increase GF/Mutated Tumour suppressor and Inhibited Growth inhibitors) Apoptosis Evasion Telomerase Activation (Increase mitosis as Telomeres can't shorten with replication) Angiogenesis continued and BM Invaded ```
26
What three things occur in autocrine stimulation of neoplastic cells
Increased GF Undersupressed Growth Inhibitor Mutated Tumour Suppressor genes
27
What doe telomerase do to neoplastic cells undergoing mitosis
Prevents telomere shortening so cycle lasts longer for each cell
28
What are the main classes of carcinogens
``` Chemical (Paint, dye and soot) Virus (EBV and HPV) Radiation Hormones Occupational ```
29
What are the stages of metastasis
``` Detachment Invading tissue Invading Bone marrow Host defence evasion Blood vessel wall adhesion Extravastation to distant site ```
30
What are the modes of metastatic spread
Haemategenous(Blood in KP BLT Sites) Lymphatic (formation in lymph nodes) Transcolemic (Exudative fluid in pleural/pericardial and peritoneal effusion)
31
What are the main Metastasis sites of haematogenous spread tumours
``` Kidney Prostate Breast Lung Thyroid ```
32
What is transcolemic metastatic spread
By exudative fluid accumulation | @Pleural/ Pericardial and Peritoneal effusions
33
How are tumours staged
TNM Staging | Ann Arbour ab1-4 (Lymphomas)
34
What are the two mutations prevalent in colorectal cancer
FAP -Familial Adenomatous Polyposis HNPCC -Lynch syndrome
35
What is FAP mutation
Aut Dom mutation of APC gene = Many colorectal adenomas = adenocarcinoma (Over expression of c-MYC)
36
What is Lynch syndrome/HNPCC Mutation
Aut Dom Mutated MSH gene (Cant repair DNA Mismatch)
37
What type of prevention is screening
Secondary
38
Which cancers are screened for in the UK
Cervical (Swab) Breast (Mammogram) Colorectal (FITT Test/Foecal occult)
39
What is the heel prick test used for in neonates
Sickle cell Cystic Fibrosis Hypothyroid
40
What is the difference between germ line and somatic mutations
Germ Line = Mutated germ cell passes down the line to next generation Somatic = Mutated mitotic copy of germ cell DOES NOT pass to the next generation