Carcinogenesis Flashcards
What is the definition of carcinogenesis
neoplastic cell transformation and proliferation by permanent mutation
What is a neoplasm
Autonomous, Abnormal and persistent new growth
-Arise from nucleated cells (No erythrocytes)
What cells can’t neoplasms arise some
Erythrocytes as no nucleus
What is a tumour
An abnormal swelling
-Neoplasm w/ inflammation, hypertrophy and hyperplasia
How are tumours classified by
Behaviour
Histogenesis
Describe Benign behaviour of tumours
Local (No bone marrow involved) Slow Well circumscribed Exophytic (Outward growth) No Ulcer/necrosis
Describe malignant behaviour of tumours
Bone marrow invading Fast mitotic growth w/Hyper-dense nuclei Poor Circumscribed Endophytic (Inward growth) Necrosis and Ulcers form Poor differentiation (No resemblance to origin cell)
What does it mean for a cell to be well differentiated
Close resemblance to origin cell
How can benign tumours pose problems
Hormone secreting
-Prolactinoma
Local structure pressure
-Bilateral hemianopia
Why doe malignant tumours cause problem
Pressure on structures Secondary tumour formation Obstruction Painful Blood loss Paraneoplastic (SIADH/Cushings)
What is the difference between endophytic and exophytic tumours
Exophytic = Outward benign growth Endophytic = Inward Bening growth
Paippiloma, Carcinoma, Adenoma and Aden carcinoma all belong to which tumour cell origin
Epithelium (Carcinoma)
What is a Papilloma
Non Glandular benign
What is a Carcinoma
Non glandular malignant
What is an Adenoma
Gandular benign
What is an Adenocarcinoma
Glandular malignant
Sarcomas arise from what cell origin
Connective tissue
Lipoma and Liposarcoma are tumours of what cells
Adipocytes
Skeletal muscle sarcomas are called what
Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma
Smooth muscle sarcomas are called what
Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma
Chondroma and chondrosarcoma belong to what tissue
Cartilage
Bone tumours are known as what
Osteoma and Osteosarcoma
What are the two types of Malignant lymphoid tumours
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
How are tumours graded in relation to the parent cell
Well differentiated = >75% resemblance
Moderate Differentiation = 10-75%
Poor Differentiation = <10% resemblance