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ICS > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of carcinogenesis

A

neoplastic cell transformation and proliferation by permanent mutation

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2
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Autonomous, Abnormal and persistent new growth

-Arise from nucleated cells (No erythrocytes)

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3
Q

What cells can’t neoplasms arise some

A

Erythrocytes as no nucleus

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4
Q

What is a tumour

A

An abnormal swelling

-Neoplasm w/ inflammation, hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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5
Q

How are tumours classified by

A

Behaviour

Histogenesis

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6
Q

Describe Benign behaviour of tumours

A 
Local (No bone marrow involved)
Slow
Well circumscribed
Exophytic (Outward growth)
No Ulcer/necrosis
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7
Q

Describe malignant behaviour of tumours

A 
Bone marrow invading
Fast mitotic growth w/Hyper-dense nuclei
Poor Circumscribed
Endophytic (Inward growth)
Necrosis and Ulcers form
Poor differentiation (No resemblance to origin cell)
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8
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be well differentiated

A

Close resemblance to origin cell

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9
Q

How can benign tumours pose problems

A

Hormone secreting
-Prolactinoma
Local structure pressure
-Bilateral hemianopia

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10
Q

Why doe malignant tumours cause problem

A 
Pressure on structures
Secondary tumour formation
Obstruction
Painful
Blood loss
Paraneoplastic (SIADH/Cushings)
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11
Q

What is the difference between endophytic and exophytic tumours

A 
Exophytic = Outward benign growth
Endophytic = Inward Bening growth
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12
Q

Paippiloma, Carcinoma, Adenoma and Aden carcinoma all belong to which tumour cell origin

A

Epithelium (Carcinoma)

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13
Q

What is a Papilloma

A

Non Glandular benign

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14
Q

What is a Carcinoma

A

Non glandular malignant

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15
Q

What is an Adenoma

A

Gandular benign

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16
Q

What is an Adenocarcinoma

A

Glandular malignant

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17
Q

Sarcomas arise from what cell origin

A

Connective tissue

18
Q

Lipoma and Liposarcoma are tumours of what cells

A

Adipocytes

19
Q

Skeletal muscle sarcomas are called what

A

Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma

20
Q

Smooth muscle sarcomas are called what

A

Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma

21
Q

Chondroma and chondrosarcoma belong to what tissue

22
Q

Bone tumours are known as what

A

Osteoma and Osteosarcoma

23
Q

What are the two types of Malignant lymphoid tumours

A

Leukaemia

Lymphoma

24
Q

How are tumours graded in relation to the parent cell

A

Well differentiated = >75% resemblance
Moderate Differentiation = 10-75%
Poor Differentiation = <10% resemblance

25
Q

What are the characteristics of a neoplastic cell

A 
Autocrine growth (Increase GF/Mutated Tumour suppressor and Inhibited Growth inhibitors)
Apoptosis Evasion
Telomerase Activation (Increase mitosis as Telomeres can't shorten with replication)
Angiogenesis continued and BM Invaded
26
Q

What three things occur in autocrine stimulation of neoplastic cells

A

Increased GF
Undersupressed Growth Inhibitor
Mutated Tumour Suppressor genes

27
Q

What doe telomerase do to neoplastic cells undergoing mitosis

A

Prevents telomere shortening so cycle lasts longer for each cell

28
Q

What are the main classes of carcinogens

A 
Chemical (Paint, dye and soot)
Virus (EBV and HPV)
Radiation 
Hormones
Occupational
29
Q

What are the stages of metastasis

A 
Detachment
Invading tissue
Invading Bone marrow
Host defence evasion
Blood vessel wall adhesion
Extravastation to distant site
30
Q

What are the modes of metastatic spread

A

Haemategenous(Blood in KP BLT Sites)
Lymphatic (formation in lymph nodes)
Transcolemic (Exudative fluid in pleural/pericardial and peritoneal effusion)

31
Q

What are the main Metastasis sites of haematogenous spread tumours

A 
Kidney
Prostate
Breast
Lung
Thyroid
32
Q

What is transcolemic metastatic spread

A

By exudative fluid accumulation

@Pleural/ Pericardial and Peritoneal effusions

33
Q

How are tumours staged

A

TNM Staging

Ann Arbour ab1-4 (Lymphomas)

34
Q

What are the two mutations prevalent in colorectal cancer

A

FAP
-Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
HNPCC
-Lynch syndrome

35
Q

What is FAP mutation

A

Aut Dom mutation of APC gene = Many colorectal adenomas = adenocarcinoma (Over expression of c-MYC)

36
Q

What is Lynch syndrome/HNPCC Mutation

A

Aut Dom Mutated MSH gene (Cant repair DNA Mismatch)

37
Q

What type of prevention is screening

38
Q

Which cancers are screened for in the UK

A

Cervical (Swab)
Breast (Mammogram)
Colorectal (FITT Test/Foecal occult)

39
Q

What is the heel prick test used for in neonates

A

Sickle cell
Cystic Fibrosis
Hypothyroid

40
Q

What is the difference between germ line and somatic mutations

A

Germ Line = Mutated germ cell passes down the line to next generation
Somatic = Mutated mitotic copy of germ cell DOES NOT pass to the next generation

ICS (17 decks)

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