Inferential statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are IS used?

A

When collecting data as part of research, a psy will always find a diff or relationship between measures. IS are used by researchers to establish if the diffs/ relationships are sig (large) enough to support their research hypotheses or whether they could have juts happened by chance - thus you can state that any diff/ relationship is due to chance in ur null hypothesis.

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2
Q

probability level definition?

A

a numerical measure of the likelihood that somehing could happen. e.g. P<0.05

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3
Q

Significance level definiton?

A

This is a level of probability that a diff/ relationship between sets of data occurred by chance. the sig level determines when a researcher will accept their research hypothesis, which is generally accepted as 0.05. However, some researchers will want to have a more strict level of sig such as 0.005

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4
Q

what is a level of significance represented by?

A

P and then ,= ect

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5
Q

If the results of a study are equal to ot less than the sig level, then?

A

the researcher can be confident they did not occur by chance and accept their research hypothesis.

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6
Q

if the results are higher than the significance level, then?

A

chance may ahve played a part and they accept their null hypothesis

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7
Q

Observed value is?

A

the number calculated using the ST and is compared to the CV to establish if there is a sig diff or correlation between the 2 or more sets of data.

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8
Q

When will the OV also be the correlation coefficient?

A
  • when establishing sif using A Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient Test or Chi squared test
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9
Q

What is the letter symbolising the OV for Chi Squared test?

A

X(^2)

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10
Q

What is the letter symbolising the OV for Mann Whitney U test?

A

U

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11
Q

What is the letter symbolising the OV for Sign test?

A

S

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12
Q

What is the letter symbolising the OV for Spearman Rank order Correlation coefficient?

A

R

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13
Q

What is the letter symbolising the OV for Wilcoxon Signed Matched Pairs ?

A

T

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14
Q

Critical value: -

A

The value to which the observed value is compared to establish if it is significant. Critical values are located on a critical value table

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15
Q

To identify a critical value for all tests except the Mann

Whitney U test, use the following steps:

A
  1. Establish if you are carrying out a one-tailed or two-tailed test. A one-tailed test supports a directional hypothesis and two-tailed test
    supports a non-directional hypothesis.
  2. Find the appropriate significance level using the one-tailed or two-tailed test level of significance row.
  3. Identify your N value (df value if you are using a Chi Squared test) which is the number of sets of data and generally the number of participants in the left hand column.
  4. Your critical value can be found using the significance level column and the N value row.
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16
Q

to identify critical value for the Mann Whitney IJ use the

following steps:

A

1.Find the appropriate critical
value table using the desired
significance level and whether
you need a one or two-tailed
test
2.Identify your N value (number of scores, usually number of participants) for condition 1 in the top row and the N value for condition 2 in the first column.
3. Your critical value can now be found using the appropriate N1 (sometimes Na) column and N2

17
Q

Five steps to using inferential statistics to establish if the research hypothesis or null:

A
  1. select appropiate sig level
  2. identify an appropriate sig level test
  3. calc OV
  4. Compare OV to CV to establish if data is sig
  5. accept or reject null and research hypothesis
18
Q

identifying an aprpriate statistical test?

A
  1. Do / need a test showing the difference between my conditions or a relationship between co variables?
  2. If a test of difference what experimental design did I use (repeated measures, matched pairs or independent groups)?
  3. What level of data was being measured in my study (nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio)?
19
Q

identifying an appropriate statistical test 3 Ds?

A

difference
design
data

20
Q

ST and if OV needs to be higher or lower than CV for sig?

A

Sign test: lower
Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks test: lower
Mann Whitney U test: lower
Chi squared: higher
Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient: higher

21
Q

ST and if OV needs to be higher or lower than CV for sig tip?

A

remember Chi rhymes w high and you throw a spear high

22
Q

always?

A

LINK TO SCENARIO

23
Q

To Accept or reject research and null hypothesises

A
  • if your observed value in
    comparison to your critical value is significant then you can accept your research (experimental or alternate) hypothesis and reject your null hypothesis.
  • If it is not significant then you accept your null hypothesis and reject your research hypothesis.