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A level psychology C2 > Graphical Representation > Flashcards

Graphical Representation Flashcards

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1
Q

Graphs

A
  • pictorial presentation of data
  • way of summarising the data in the pictorial form, in the most effective and clear way as possible, so that the person reading them cab indertand what they show
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2
Q

Graphs should have?

A
  • clear title
  • labelled axis inclu units
  • appropriate scale
  • title stating type of graph and what it shows
  • so that the data could not be misrepresented
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3
Q

Bar chart: features

A
  • categories/ items go on X axis
  • Y axis = frequency
  • GAPS BETWEEN EACH BAR (indicates lack of continuity)
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4
Q

Bar chart: justification of use?

A
  • use for nominal data (frequency/ categories)
  • data that is not continuous/ discrete
  • can also be used when drawing a graph to compare ‘means’ from 2 different conditions
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5
Q

Bar chart purpose?

A

Shows differences in the cateogries of data

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6
Q

What is discrete data?

A

Refers to seperate or distinct measures or groups such as categories

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7
Q

Histogram features?

A
  • y axis = frequency (*NOT FREQUENCY DENSITY)
  • X axis = continuous (0-10, 11-20)
  • the area within the bars must be proportional to the frequencies represented
  • NO GAPS between bars (data sets r continuous)
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8
Q

Histogram justification of use?

A

Used where dsta is continous (ordinal, interval, ratio data) e.g. 1-50 scores on a depression scale
- can use line graph for ordinal, ratio, interval too

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9
Q

Histogram: purpose?

A

Shows how grouped data is spread across the continuous scale

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10
Q

line graph: features?

A
  • essentially all the same rules apply as histogram
  • Y axis = frequency and must start at 0
  • X axis = continuous
  • dots connected with a line
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11
Q

line graph justification of use?

A

used where data is continuous (ratio, ordinal, interval)

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12
Q

line graphs purpose?

A
  • usually a measure of time (ratio data)

- shows how a variable changes (often over time)

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13
Q

pie chart features?

A
  • each slice represents a fraction/ proportion of the total

- calculate by working out the appropriate proportion out of 360 degrees

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14
Q

EQUATION for degrees (pie chart)

A

(proportion/ frequency divided by total number of items) x 360

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15
Q

pie chart justification of use?

A

use to represent frequency data

- nominal data

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16
Q

pie chart purpose?

A

show how measures from distinct groups show as a proportion of the total scores

17
Q

scatter graph features?

A
  • each axis represents one co-variable
  • each dot represents each ppt
  • the scatter of dots indicated the degree of correlation between the co-variables
18
Q

scatter graph - justification of use?

A
  • use for correlational research
19
Q

scatter graphs purpose?

A

shows associations or relationships between co-variables

20
Q

DEFINITION: bar chart?

A

suitable chart for data that is not continuous i.e. has no particular order - usually represents categories or nominal data

21
Q

DEFINITION: histogram?

A

similar to a bar chart, but the data displayed in the x axis is continuous rather than in categories. there should be no gaps between bars

22
Q

DEFINITION: line graph?

A

like a histogram, as it displays continuous data on the x axis and there is a dot to mark the top of each bar and the dots are connected with a line

23
Q

DEFINITION: scatter graph?

A

a graph showing the correlation between 2 co variables represented by dots

24
Q

DEFINITION: pie chart?

A

a way of representing the proportions of data as a fraction or percentage of the whole

25
Q

DEFINITION: normal distribution?

A

a symmetrical bell shaped frequency distribution with most scores clustered to the mid point

26
Q

DEFINITION: positive skewed distribution?

A

a display of the frequency of distribution where most of the scores are bunched towards the left with the mode left of the mean as the mean is affected by extreme scores

27
Q

DEFINITION: skewed distribution?

A

distribution of data has one tail longer than another, showing there are a number of extreme scores on one side or another of the mean

28
Q

distribution definition?

A

refers to how the ppts scores are spread out over the measuring scale

29
Q

normal distribution features?

A
  • freq distrubution that has a classic bell shaped curve
  • mean, median, mode are all in the exact mid point
  • most scores will be closely distributed near the midpoint
  • distribution of frequency is symmetrical around mid point
  • dispersion of scores around midpoint is consistent and can be expressed in standard deviations
  • x axis = frequency y = item of interest
30
Q

normal distribution justification of use?

A
  • for data that is evenly distributed

- justification = same mean, median, mode

31
Q

normal distribution examples?

A

weight, height, shoe size

32
Q

if one group has a much higher SD than another, ?

A

this means ,most of the scores are more spread out and are more likely influenced by ppt variables rather than the characteristics of the condition

33
Q

skewed distribution justification of use?

A

used for populations where scores are not equally distributed around mean
- used when lots of extreme values to one side of the mid score

34
Q

PosItive skew?

A

rIght

  • majority of scores have low values
  • tail end of high scores
  • so mean is to the right of mode and median
    justification: order of mean median mode
    e. g. depression scale scores
35
Q

nEgative skew?

A

lEft

  • majority of scores have high values
  • tail end of low scores
  • mean is to left of the mode and median
  • e.g. a very easy maths test
36
Q

one eye on exam?

A
  • never say correlation/ relationship in a conclusion - unless its a scatter graph / correlation study
  • use words such as difference/ majority/ most least
  • never use “significant” in a conclusion, unless it is CLEARLY STATED that the results have been put thru a statistical analysis

A level psychology C2 (16 decks)

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