Ethics Flashcards
what are ethical issues?
issues that ppts could face during the research that can affect them in many ways
when do ethical issues arrise?
when there is conflict or dilemma exists between the rights of ppts and the researchers need to get valuable and meaningful findings
deception meaning?
deception is when ppts are told not the true AIMS of the study deliberately and/or are misled as to one or more aspects of the study
valid consent meaning?
where ppts are asked to give permission to take part in the study and should know the true nature of the study
protection of ppts meaning?
ppts should be protected psychologically (e.g. stress, humiliation, anxiety) and physically (pain). They must not be plavced at more risk than they would be in everday life
risks to ppts values, beliefs, relationships, status meaning?
these are broader considerations of the impact of the research on ppts, such as if their attitudes or beliefs are challenged, or if the research damages their relationships with other ppl
privacy meaning?
privacy is diff from confidentiality, privacy refers to the ppts keeping behaviours or attitudes secret due to their sensitive nature whereas confidentiality refers to ensuring their data is kept ananoymous
confidentiality meaning?
enduring ppts details and data remain anonymous so they cannot be identified in the research. The researcher could use fake (pseudo) names/ initials or numbers
how to deal with deception?
- Debrief - a post research intervew wherte the ppt is told the true aims and full details of the study r given
- ppts should also be given the right to withdraw from the research
- could obtain presumptive consent for the deception
- need for d shud b approved by ethics comittee
- ppts should be offered opport to discuss concerns & withold data from study
valid consent is…
- voluntary
- informed
- with capacity to make a descision
how to deal with valid consent?
- must offer right to withdraw, consent form
- ppts should be given a consent form detailing the true nature and aims of the study
- child under 16 or vunerable adult can’t give consent, must be obained from a guardian
- other ways to gain consent: 3P’s
- if consent wasn’t gained from ppts in the study, a debrief should be given and ppts cab give RETROSPECTIVE CONSENT
What are the 3P’s (valid consent?
- Presumptive consent - this is gaining consent from a similar set of ppts who won’t actually be doing the study
- Prior informed consent - getting general cosnent from ppts of things that COULD happen
- Parental consent - where ppts are too young to give consent, it is gained from parents (under 16)
phow to deal with protection from harm?
- right to withdraw - ppts should be offered the right to withdraw at any point udring or after the research
- debrief - reassure ppts that their bhvr is nomral - offer conselling to all ppts
- avoid any risks geater than exp in everday life
- stop study if harm suspected
how to deal with risk to ppts values, beliefs, relationships, status or privacy?
- to avoid issues of privacy, ensure research like observations or filed studies are conducted in public spaces
- right to withdraw - if ppts feel their beliefs/ values are being challanged they should be offered the right to withdraw at any point during or after the resarch
how to deal with confidentiality?
ppts identities should be kept anonymous e.g. use of numbers, initials, fake names
working with animals?
- work within voundarie set by the animals scientific procedures) act 1986
- BPS require researchers to consider alternatives, such as computer simulations
- if using animas, bps members are ‘reminded of their general obligation to avoid at least minimise the discomfort to living animals’
what is an ethics committee?
ethics committee of research insitituions review proposals to assess if the portantial benefits of the resarch are justifiable in the ligt of possible risks of physical/ psychological harm
who is on an ethics committee?
memebers of the comittee include experrts in the field
how do ethics committeees manage the risks of ehical issues?
these committees may request researchers make changes to the study’s design or procedure, or in extreme cases deny approval of the study altogether
what are the benefits of ethics comittees?
cmts are beneficial, as they are a second check that research is ethical, they ensure ppts rights are mmet and often involve indvs who represent the ppts
what does the BPS do- what is their code of conduct?
- The BPS code of conduct are guidlines which are set out to British psychologists on what is and isn’t acceptable when carrying out research. It focuses on the four ethical principals of respect, competence, responsibility &integrity.
what happens if reasercgers don’t follow BPS guidelines?
could b expelled from BPS and lose job