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PATHOLOGY EXAM 1 > infectious diseases- pathogens > Flashcards

infectious diseases- pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

organism that is capable of causing disease

A

pathogen

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2
Q

causes disease in a healthy population

A

high virulence

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3
Q

causes diseases only in susceptible populations

A

low virulence

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4
Q

opportunistic infection

A

-non-pathogenic organism
-low virulence
-immunocompromised host

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5
Q

-interaction between two organisms
-both organisms benefit

A

mutualism

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6
Q

-interaction between two organisms
-one organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor helped
(c. albicans)

A

commensalism

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7
Q

how do pathogens injure cells and cause tissue damage?

A

-bindt to or enter host cells
-release endotoxins or exotoxins
-release enzymes that degrade tissue components
-damage blood vessels and cause ischemic injury
-induce host inflammatory and immune responses

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8
Q

pathogens:

A
  1. viruses
  2. bacteria
  3. fungi
    also
    -prions
    -chlamydia
    -mycoplasma
    -protozoa
    -helminths
    -ectoparasites
    -rickettsia
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9
Q

3 general principles of viral infections:

A
  1. intracellular parasites
  2. cell type specific
  3. viral latency
    -virus is a nucleic acid looking for a home
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10
Q

viral infection and replication steps:

A
  1. attach
  2. penetrate
  3. reproduce
  4. assemble
  5. release
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11
Q

4 types of viral infections with virus

A
  1. transient infections
    -hepatitis a virus
  2. chronic latent infetions
    -herpes simplex virus
  3. chronic productive infections
    -hepatitis b virus
  4. transforming infections
    -epstein barr virus, human papilloma virus
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12
Q

-humans are natural reservoir
-latency
-reactivation

A

human herpes virus (HIV)

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13
Q

human herpes virus
HHV-1
HHV-2
HHV-3
HHV-4
HHV-5
HHV-8

A

HHV-1- herpes simplex virus type 1
HHV-2- herpes simplex type 2
HHV-3- varicella zoster virus
HHV-4- epstein barr virus
HHV-5- cytomegalovirus
HHV-8- kaposi sarcoma associated virus

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14
Q

transmission of HSV

A

-contact with affected individual shedding virus
-symptomatic active lesions
-asymptomatic viral shredding

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15
Q

herpes simplex virus type 1 is mostly

A

oral infections

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16
Q

herpes simplex virus type 2 is mostly

A

genital infections

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17
Q

-initial exposure to virus in an individual without immunity

A

primary infections with herpes simplex virus

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18
Q

generally occurs at young age after physical contact with infected individual

A

primary infection with herpes simplex virus

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19
Q

mostly subclinical disease
80% of US population has antibodies to HSV

A

primary infection with herpes simplex virus

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20
Q

flu-like illness with fever, malaise, arthralgia, headache
-eryhtema orally and small clusters of ulcerations/large
IF YOU HAVE COLD SORES=you have herpes

-cervical lymphadenopathy

A

primary herpetic gingivostomatitis

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21
Q

reactivation of herpes

A

recurrent herpes

(like recurrent herpes labialis -on lip, or recurrent intra-oral herpes)

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22
Q

herpes simplex virus infection can cause infection after what nerve

A

trigeminal ganglion

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23
Q

what can happen to fingers/fingernails if dont wear gloves and get in contact with person with hsv

A

herpes whitlow

24
Q

can get HSV doing sports like wrestling

A

herpes gladiatorum

25
Q

young person can have herpes from stomatitis then rub eyes and face causes=

A

HSV- autoinoculation
-spreaded disease among self

26
Q

herpes in eye

A

herpes simplex keratitis
(herpes of the cornea)

27
Q

what is recurrent aphthous?

A

-NOT caused by a virus!!!!**
-focal mucosal destruction
-t lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic reaction

28
Q

evolution of an aphthous ulcer

A
  1. erythematous macule (red)
  2. ulceration
  3. fibrinous membrane (yellowish exudate)
29
Q

what are some precipitating factors for recurrent aphthous stomatitis?

A

-sodium lauryl sulfate (from toothpaste)
-stress
-trauma
-allergies
-acidic foods/juices
-gluten
-endocrine alterations

30
Q

what are the three clinical types of aphthous stomatitis?

A

minor, major and herpetiform

31
Q

-recurrent disease
-shallow, painful ulcerations on non-keratinized mucosa
-solitary or multiple lesions
-lasts 10-14 days (heals in 2 weeks)

what type of aphthae

A

minor aphthae

32
Q

-larger (>0.5cm)
-deeper- may heal with scarring!
-heal slowly- weeks to months
(since so deep)
what type of aphthae

A

major aphthae

33
Q

-crops of small, shallow, painful ulcers(multiple)
-heals in two weeks
-short remissions (heals quicker that minor)

A

herpetiform aphthae

34
Q

resembles recurrent intra-oral herpes simplex BUT:

A

-does not begin as vesicles
-located on non-keratinized mucosa

35
Q

clinical features of recurrent herpes vs recurrent aphthae:

  1. vesicular stage?
  2. number of lesions?
  3. location?
A

recurrent herpes
1. yes
2. multiple, confluent
3. masticatory mucosa [immoveable, keratinized]

recurrent aphthae [has nothing to do with herpes simplex virus!]
1. no
2. frequently solitary
3. moveable mucosa [non-masticatory mucosa, non-keratinized]

36
Q

going to have to compare primary recurrent herpes, recurrent herpes, and recurrent aphthae.
look for:

clinical history, length of ulcers

primary recurrent: these kids feel horrible/sick (kids because first exposure)
-masticatory and non-masticatory tissues (moveable and nonmoveable tissue)
-keratinized
*can. occur. anywhere

A
37
Q

when get sore on hard palate, cant be aphthae ulcer since tissue type so is just a

A

traumatic ulcer

38
Q

nonmoveable is

A

keratinized

39
Q

recurrent INTRAORAL (not on lips) herpes only occurs on

A

bound down (immovable) keratinzed masticatory mucosa

40
Q

recurrent aphthae occurs on

A

moveable, non-keratinzed, non-masticatory moveable mucosa

41
Q

primary is on any tissue type and systemic
recurrent herpes- immoveable tissues (hard palate or gingiva)
recurrent aphthae- moveable tissues

A
42
Q

primary and recurrent infections with varicella zoster virus (herpes type 3!!!!)

primary infection causes:

recurrent infection (get it the second time) causes:

A

primary infection: varicella aka chicken pox

recurrent: Zoster (shingles)

43
Q

varicella(chicken pox)
transmission by inspiration of infected _____.
clinical disease in______individuals.
skin lesions begin on ______.
____in repeated waves

heal without scarring unless pick at them

A

droplets
most
face/trunk
vesicles in repeated waves

44
Q

where does chicken pox hang out at

A

dorsal spinal ganglion

45
Q

shingles can either effect you

A

in mouth or on skin or both

46
Q

unilateral dermatomal involvement
-prodrome of pain, parethesia

A

shingles (herpes zoster) happens on one side

47
Q

with shingles,
theres
1. prodromal pain
2. acute pain
3. then:

A

chronic pain: post-herpetic neuralgia
(very painful)

48
Q

-herpesvirus (HHV-4)
-most adults EBV+
-latency
-tropism for B lymphocytes
-infects epithelial cells of oral mucosa, oropharynx and nasopharynx

A

epstein barr virus

49
Q

chicken poxes vs herpes simplex

chicken/shingle unlilateral?? can go anywhere
-pt would have had chicken poxs before; shingles lasts longer than 2 weeks

-recurrent herpes lasts ONLY about 2 weeks

A

important to know how long herpes/chicken poxes~shingles because that is a sign on how to deferentiate the two

50
Q

association of EPV(HHV-4) with human diease:
1
2
3
4

A
  1. infectious mononucleosis
  2. lymphaomas-NHL and HL
    (burkitt lymphoma NHL)
  3. nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  4. oral hairy leukoplakia
51
Q

clinical features of infectious mononucleosis

A

-kissing virus
-debilitating EPV infection
-self limiting
-young adults
-salivary transmission
-fatigue
-malaise
-lymphadenopathy
-fever
-sore throat

52
Q

-peripheral blood lymphocytes
-lymphocytes, not monocytes
-atypical lymphocytes (downey cells)

A

infectious mononucleosis

53
Q

can also get necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis from this

A

infectious mononucleosis

54
Q

lab testing of infectious mononucleosis

A
  1. heterophile antibody
    -IgM antibody- induced by EBV infection
    -binds to Paul-Bunnell antigen of sheep and bovine RBCs
    -non-specific antibody- not specific for EBV
  2. monospot test- detects heterpohile antibody
  3. EBV- specific testing
55
Q

infectious mono treatment

A

-symptomatic
-bed rest, prevent splenic rupture

56
Q

-epithelial hyperplasia associated with EBV infection
-lateral border of tongue- common location
-may occur in any immunodeficiency state

A

oral hairy leukoplakia

hairy tongue in mono!!

57
Q

-CMV (HHV-5)
-most of population affect by age 60
-most CMV infections are asymptomatic
-initial infections are asymptomatic
-initial. infection
-latency
-reactivation

A

cytomegalovirus

PATHOLOGY EXAM 1 (12 decks)

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