cell injury and adaptation 2

Question 1

increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number

Answer 1

hypertrophy

Question 2

pure hypertrophy usually occurs only in what muscles

Answer 2

skeletal and cardiac

Question 3

increase in size of tissue or organ due to an increase number of cells

Answer 3

hyperplasia

Question 4

an epithelial hyperplasia:

Answer 4

papilloma

Question 5

endothelial hyperplasia:

Answer 5

pyogenic granuloma
(endo- since these cells line blood vessels)

Question 6

epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia:

Answer 6

inflammatory papillary hyperplasia

Question 7

gingival enlargement example of

Answer 7

hyperplasia

Question 8

osseous hyperplasia:
2

Answer 8

sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia
and
exostoses

Question 9

fibrous hyperplasia:
2

Answer 9

fibroma
and
epulis fissuratum (folds from denture wearer)

Question 10

drug induced gingival enlargement:

Answer 10

procardia
cyclosporin
dilantin

Question 11

what do these all cause:
-leukemic infiltrates (blood cancer)
-amyloid infiltration
-klippel-trenaunay-weber syndrome
-juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
-cowden syndrome
-wegener granulomatosis (looks like strawberry)

Answer 11

gingival hyperplasia (gingival enlargement)

Question 12

reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs

Answer 12

atrophy

Question 13

pathologic atrophy:

Answer 13

atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation (follow from injury)
or
atrophy of brain due to ischemia

Question 14

physiologic atrophy:

Answer 14

like atrophy of uterus after pregnancy or involution of the thymus in early adult life

Question 15

how would pathologic atrophy result from

Answer 15

diuse
denervation
lack of trophic hormones
ischemia- reduction in blood supply
malnutrition

Question 16

parry romberg syndrome

Answer 16

progressive hemifacial atrophy

Question 17

replacement of one mature cell type by another

Answer 17

metaplasia

Question 18

can metaplasia go away?

Answer 18

yes reversible but if persists, it can progress to dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia (cancer basically)

Question 19

a change to a tougher cell type

Answer 19

metaplasia

Question 20

cells go under metaplasia and become squamous tissue, usually bi-lateral and are seen as large ulcers

Answer 20

necrotizing sialometaplasia

Question 21

incomplete development of an organ(smaller than normal)

Answer 21

hypoplasia

Question 22

replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by what is an example of metaplasia that occurs in smokers

Answer 22

to squamous epithelium (loses cilia)

Question 23

when organ or body part is underdeveloped, often results in smaller organ

Answer 23

hypoplasia

Question 24

incomplete development of an organ, the organ never reached its normal size

Answer 24

aplasia/hypoplasia

Question 25

when organ or body part is completely or mostly absent, often due to developmental defect

Answer 25

aplasia

Question 26

organ has completely failed to develop

Answer 26

agenesis

Question 27

abnormal growth of cells or development of organs

Answer 27

dysplasia

Question 28

regeneration of the liver occurs

Answer 28

hyperplasia

Question 29

example of reversible change

Answer 29

fatty change- liver

Question 30

example of irreversible changes

Answer 30

necrosis(messy) and apoptosis(precise)

Question 31

3 nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis

Answer 31

1. pyknosis- small, dark dot in middle
2. karyorrhexis- nuclear fragments
3. karyolysis- dissolution of nucleus

Question 32

two types of necrosis where the cytoplasm tells you how cells have died

Answer 32

1. coagulation necrosis
2. liquefaction necrosis

Question 33

type of necrosis seen in hypoxic (lil oxygen) injury (myocardial infarct)

Answer 33

coagulative necrosis

Question 34

type of necrosis that is typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct

Answer 34

liquefactive necrosis

Question 35

type of necrosis where necrotic tissue is converted into cheesy mass (uberculosis)

Answer 35

caseous necrosis

Question 36

type of necrosis that is characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis

Answer 36

fat necrosis

Question 37

programmed cell death
CASPSAES
-eliminates unwanted cells
-plasma membrane stays intact but structure altered so that becomes target for phagocytosis
-dead cell rapidly cleared

Answer 37

apoptosis

Question 38

this cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not elicit an inflammatory reaction

Answer 38

apoptosis

Question 39

examples of exogeneous pigments (outside body)

Answer 39

tattoo and carbon

Question 40

example of endogenous pigments (inside body)

Answer 40

melanin

Question 41

abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue

Answer 41

pathologic calcification

Question 42

what are these examples of:
1. cyclic enlargement of breast during menstrual cycle
2. regrowth of liver paraenchyma

Answer 42

hyperplasia

Question 43

hyperplasia may be combined with hypertrophy in examples such as

Answer 43

1. enlarged uterus of pregnancy
2. benign prostate enlargement