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PATHOLOGY EXAM 1 > immunity part 1 > Flashcards

immunity part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

protection against infection

A

immunity

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2
Q

collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending the body against pathogens

A

immune system

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3
Q

organism that causes disease

A

pathogen

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4
Q

goal of immune system:

A
  1. prevent foreign substances from entering body
  2. establish IMMUNOCOMPETENCE ability of the body to produce a robust immune response following exposure to disease-producing agents (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
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5
Q

nonspecific defenses:

A

-physical barriers: skin, mucus membrane, nasal hairs, respiratory tract cilia

-chemical barriers: skin pH, mucous secretions, gastric acids, tears, sweat, saliva

effector cells: marcrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

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5
Q

-mediates initial protecting against infection
-nonspecific defense
-rapidly eliminates microbes that enter host tissues
-eliminates damaged and necrotic cells

A

innate immunity

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5
Q

what kills microbes by locally produced antibodies

and by intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

innate immunity
(physical barrier to infection)

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5
Q

recognize general microbial patterns through pattern recognition receptors

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) [innate immunity]

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6
Q

recognize molecules released from damage or necrotic host cells

A

damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) [innate immunity]

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7
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-first cell type to respond to most infections: bacterial and fungal
-short lived

A

neutrophils

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8
Q

ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, foreign material through phagocytosis
-may be activated by macrophages

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-thin, membranous cytoplasmic processes!!!
-present antigens to t cells!!
-abundant near epithelium, mucus membranes!!
-help shape adaptive immune response

A

dendritic cells

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10
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-survive in extravascular tissue for long periods
-ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, foreign material through phagocytosis
-may preset antigens to t cells
-release cytokines to activate other immune cells

A

macrophages

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11
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-capable of rapidly attacking and killing infected cells
-induce cell apoptosis
-release cytokines to activate other immune cells!!

A

NK cells

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12
Q

collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins important in the defense against microbes

A

complement system

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13
Q

3 pathways of complement system

A

classical pathway
alternate pathway
lectin pathway

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14
Q

activated by antibodies that bind to microbes or other antigens-> component of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (humoral)
(what pathway of complement system is this?)

A

classical pathway

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15
Q

activated when complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces->component of innate immunity
(what pathway of complement system is this?)

A

alternate pathway

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16
Q

activated by mannose binding lectin binds to surface glycoproteins on microbes->component of innate immunity
(what pathway of complement system is this?)

A

lectin pathway

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17
Q

what are the early and late steps of complement activtation for each pathway

A

early steps:
1. C3a: inflammation
2. C3b: opsonization and phagocytosis

late steps:
1. C5a: inflammation
2. C6-9: lysis of microbe
-complement proteins form membrane attack complex!! MAC

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18
Q

c3b coats microbes, promotes binding to phagocytes->microbes ingested and destroyed

A

opsonization and phagocytosis

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19
Q

c5a and c3b are chemoattractants for leukocytes->recruit and promote _______

A

inflammation

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20
Q

complement activation concludes with the MAC-> microbial death

A

cell lysis

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21
Q

soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions

A

cytokines in innate imunity
(helps immune system communicate with each other)

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22
Q

3 roles of cytokines

A
  1. responsible for communication in response with leukocytes and other cells
  2. secreted in small amounts to external stimuli
  3. most cytokines function in autocrine and paracrine actions
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23
Q

this cytokine can be released from dendritic cells and macrophages to activate NK cells

A

IL-12

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24
Q

these can stimulate leukocytes in vessels to travel to the sight of infection and help with inflammation

A

TNF, IL-1, and chemokines

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25
Q

NK cells can release this cytokine to activate dendritic cells and macrophages to increase their phagocytic functions after exposed to microbes

A

IFN-y

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26
Q

microbes elicit different immune response.
extracellular bacteria, fungi:
intracellular bacteria:
viruses:

A

extracellular bacteria, fungi: acute inflammatory response and complement

intracellular bacteria: eliminated by phagocytes

viruses: Type I interferon(type of cytokine), NK cells

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27
Q

plasma membrane and endosomal receptors
-recognize LPS (plasma membrane), viral and bacterial RNA/DNA (endosomal)

A

toll-like receptors TLR

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28
Q

cytosolic receptors
-recognize necrotic cell products, ion disturbances, microbial products

A

NOD-like receptors

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29
Q

found on plasma membrane
-recognize fungal polysaccharides

A

c-type lectin receptors

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30
Q

bone marrow and thymus

A

primary lymphoid organs

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31
Q

b cells develop in

A

bone marrow

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32
Q

t cells develop in

A

thymus

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33
Q

sites where adaptive immunity is initiated
-lymphocytes have contact with antigens

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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34
Q

produces the cells of the immune system from stem cell precursors

A

bone marrow

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35
Q

soft, spongy tissue in medullary cavity of bones

A

bone marrow

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36
Q

lymphatic organ responsible for the maturation and specialization of white blood cells called t lymphocytes

A

thymus

37
Q

after maturation, t lymphocytes in the thymus enter blood stream and travel to

A

secondary lymphatic sites

38
Q

what involutes with age

A

thymus

39
Q

part of secondary lymphoid tissue that is part of mucosal lining:
and what are the 4 parts of it:

A

waldeyer’s ring

  1. pharyngeal tonsil
  2. tubal tonsil
  3. palatine tonsil
  4. lingual tonsil
40
Q

where are most lymphocytes found

A

in lymph nodes

41
Q

first line of defense
-develops quickly
-rapidly reacts against infectious pathogens
-no memory

A

innate immunity

42
Q

specialize immunity
-develops more slowly
-mediates an effective defense against infections
-memory for future encounters

A

adaptive immunity

43
Q

recognizes diverse foregin substances

A

adaptive immunity

44
Q

triggered when mcirobes pass through epithelial barriers, recognized by lymphocytes in lymphoid organs

A

adaptive immunity

45
Q

substance that can induce an immune response

A

antigen
(in adaptive immunity)

46
Q

humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

A

two parts of adaptive immunity

47
Q

mediated antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity

48
Q

mediated by t lymphocytes

A

cell-mediated immunity

49
Q

in lymph node, where are t cells and b cells found

A

b cells found on outer rim
t cells found in middle

50
Q

what is the humoral immunity mediated by

A

antibodies

51
Q

-protein produced by bcells
-secreted into circulation and mucosal fluids
-neutralize and eliminate microbes and microbial toxins
-prevent infections from being established

A

antibodies

52
Q

make up 10-20% of circulating peripheral lymphocyte population

A

b-lymphocytes

53
Q

where do b-lymphocytes originate and mature

A

in bone marrow

54
Q

b-lymphocytes recognize antigens through membrane bound

A

IgM

55
Q

recognize many chemical structures: soluble or cell-associated proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, small chemicals

A

b-lymphocytes

56
Q

b-lymphocytes differentiate into____ after stimulation[antigen]:
to secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

57
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

58
Q

-most abundant antibody
-found in blood and serum
-efficiently opsonizes pathogens
-can cross placenta

A

IgG
four subclasses:
1 2 3 4

59
Q

-most commonly observed in mucus membrane secretions (like saliva)
-formers dimer when secreted
-neutraling antibody

A

IgA

60
Q

-largest antibody
-first antibody produced in response to antigen
-most efficient antibody to activate complement

A

IgM

61
Q

-functions against helminth infections
-mediates allergic reactions (hypersensitivity type I)
-least common antibody

A

IgE

62
Q

each antibody has a unique:

A

amino acid sequence

63
Q

-rearrangement and assembly of gene segments
-occurs during B cell development
-results in millions of combinations for antigen recognition

A

antibody diversity: each antibody has a unique amino acid sequence

64
Q

initially, IgM and IgD are present as membrane bound antibodies
-b cells may produce AB of other classes
-occurs after stimulated by antigen and CD4 T (helper) cells

A

antibody class switching

65
Q

during antibody class switching,
b cell still maintains its antigen specificity but what is switched

A

heavy chain is switched

66
Q

by switching heavy chain with antibody class switching, this broadens the

A

functional capabilities of humoral immunity

67
Q

second exposure to antigen activates memory B cells

A

secondary response

68
Q

generated after primary response to respond to antigen in future

A

memory B cell

69
Q

can circulate in the body for years after infection

A

memory b cells

70
Q

in secondary response,
a fraction of activated b cells become _____.

A

memory cells

71
Q

circulate in the blood, lymphoid organs
-do not actively secrete antibodies
-rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells upon re-exposure

A

memory b cells

72
Q

goal is to stimulate protective adaptive immune responses against microbes

A

vaccination

73
Q

vaccination introduce ______forms of microbes

A

non-pathogenic

74
Q

some types of vaccinations:

A

inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, mRNA vaccine

75
Q

types of whole virus vaccines

A

inactivated: contains copies of the virus that have been killed (may need booster)
live-attenuated: contains copies of the virus that have been weakened

76
Q

antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen

A

active immunity

77
Q

types of active immunity:

A

naturally: individual with infectious disease
artificial: vaccination- attenuate virus or bacteria

provides long-term immunity-memory b cells

78
Q

antibodies derived from another source

A

passive immunity

79
Q

meternal antibodies transferred across placenta to fetus
-provides short-term immunity- no memory b cells produced

A

passive immunity

80
Q

active vs passive immunity

which provides immediate protection?
which provides long term protection?

A

immediate: passive
long term: active

81
Q

combat infections by intracellular microbes
-mediated by t-lymphocytes

A

cell mediated immunity

82
Q

cell mediated immunity deals with intracellular pathogens:

A
  1. microbes ingested by phagocytes- some may resist microbial activity
  2. viruses- able to infect and replicate in cytoplasm of host cells
83
Q

cell mediate sequence explained:

A
  1. APCs travel to lymphoid tissues and present antigen via MHC
  2. t cells are activated, proliferate, and differentiate into effector and memory cells
  3. t cell migrate to site of infection- initiate response (CD4 vs. CD8)
  4. some activated t cells remain in lymph tissue
    -help b cells produce antibodies
    -become memory t cells
84
Q

-locus of polymorphic genes on chromosome 6

-display peptide antigens for recognition by t lymphocytes!!!!

-helps cells recognize between self and nonself!!!!!

A

major histocaompatibility complex
MHC
[human leukocyte antigen: HLA]

85
Q

mhc class that is found on all nucleated cells:
what is it recognized by?

A

MHC class I
recognized by CD8 t cells

86
Q

what mhc class is found on the APC surface?
recognized by:

A

mhc class II
recognized by CD4 t cells

-macrophages, dendritic cells, b cells

87
Q

-become effector cells in response to antigen
-apc presents antigen via MHC II
-will release cytokines to activate other cells

-have clonal expansion of these

A

CD4 t cells

88
Q

CD4 helper t cell subset classes:

A

Th1: activate macrophages= host defense is intracellular pathogens

Th2: activate eosinophils= host defense is parasites

Th17: activate neutrophils= host defense are extracellular pathogens

89
Q

become effector cells in response to antigen
-APC presents antigens on MHC I
-will release enzymes to kill infected cells

A

cd8 t cells

90
Q

-a fraction of antigen-activated t cells differentiate into memory cells

-found in lymphoid organs, mucosal tissue, circulation

-central memory cells: rapid clonal expansion after re-exposure

A

cell-mediated memory

91
Q

-immune responses are self-limited
-effector lymphocytes die by apoptosis after microbe is eliminated
-allows system to return to resting state

A

decline of immune responses

92
Q

humoral vs cellular immunity

which deals with extracellular microbes and which with intracellular microbes

A

extra: humoral
intra: cellular

PATHOLOGY EXAM 1 (12 decks)

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