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PATHOLOGY EXAM 1 > immunity part 1 > Flashcards

immunity part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

protection against infection

A

immunity

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2
Q

collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending the body against pathogens

A

immune system

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3
Q

organism that causes disease

A

pathogen

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4
Q

goal of immune system:

A
  1. prevent foreign substances from entering body
  2. establish IMMUNOCOMPETENCE ability of the body to produce a robust immune response following exposure to disease-producing agents (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
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5
Q

nonspecific defenses:

A

-physical barriers: skin, mucus membrane, nasal hairs, respiratory tract cilia

-chemical barriers: skin pH, mucous secretions, gastric acids, tears, sweat, saliva

effector cells: marcrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

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5
Q

-mediates initial protecting against infection
-nonspecific defense
-rapidly eliminates microbes that enter host tissues
-eliminates damaged and necrotic cells

A

innate immunity

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5
Q

what kills microbes by locally produced antibodies

and by intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

innate immunity
(physical barrier to infection)

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5
Q

recognize general microbial patterns through pattern recognition receptors

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) [innate immunity]

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6
Q

recognize molecules released from damage or necrotic host cells

A

damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) [innate immunity]

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7
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-first cell type to respond to most infections: bacterial and fungal
-short lived

A

neutrophils

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8
Q

ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, foreign material through phagocytosis
-may be activated by macrophages

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-thin, membranous cytoplasmic processes!!!
-present antigens to t cells!!
-abundant near epithelium, mucus membranes!!
-help shape adaptive immune response

A

dendritic cells

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10
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-survive in extravascular tissue for long periods
-ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, foreign material through phagocytosis
-may preset antigens to t cells
-release cytokines to activate other immune cells

A

macrophages

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11
Q

effector cells of innate immunity
-capable of rapidly attacking and killing infected cells
-induce cell apoptosis
-release cytokines to activate other immune cells!!

A

NK cells

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12
Q

collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins important in the defense against microbes

A

complement system

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13
Q

3 pathways of complement system

A

classical pathway
alternate pathway
lectin pathway

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14
Q

activated by antibodies that bind to microbes or other antigens-> component of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (humoral)
(what pathway of complement system is this?)

A

classical pathway

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15
Q

activated when complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces->component of innate immunity
(what pathway of complement system is this?)

A

alternate pathway

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16
Q

activated by mannose binding lectin binds to surface glycoproteins on microbes->component of innate immunity
(what pathway of complement system is this?)

A

lectin pathway

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17
Q

what are the early and late steps of complement activtation for each pathway

A

early steps:
1. C3a: inflammation
2. C3b: opsonization and phagocytosis

late steps:
1. C5a: inflammation
2. C6-9: lysis of microbe
-complement proteins form membrane attack complex!! MAC

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18
Q

c3b coats microbes, promotes binding to phagocytes->microbes ingested and destroyed

A

opsonization and phagocytosis

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19
Q

c5a and c3b are chemoattractants for leukocytes->recruit and promote _______

A

inflammation

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20
Q

complement activation concludes with the MAC-> microbial death

A

cell lysis

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21
Q

soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions

A

cytokines in innate imunity
(helps immune system communicate with each other)

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22
3 roles of cytokines
1. responsible for communication in response with leukocytes and other cells 2. secreted in small amounts to external stimuli 3. most cytokines function in autocrine and paracrine actions
23
this cytokine can be released from dendritic cells and macrophages to activate NK cells
IL-12
24
these can stimulate leukocytes in vessels to travel to the sight of infection and help with inflammation
TNF, IL-1, and chemokines
25
NK cells can release this cytokine to activate dendritic cells and macrophages to increase their phagocytic functions after exposed to microbes
IFN-y
26
microbes elicit different immune response. extracellular bacteria, fungi: intracellular bacteria: viruses:
extracellular bacteria, fungi: acute inflammatory response and complement intracellular bacteria: eliminated by phagocytes viruses: Type I interferon(type of cytokine), NK cells
27
plasma membrane and endosomal receptors -recognize LPS (plasma membrane), viral and bacterial RNA/DNA (endosomal)
toll-like receptors TLR
28
cytosolic receptors -recognize necrotic cell products, ion disturbances, microbial products
NOD-like receptors
29
found on plasma membrane -recognize fungal polysaccharides
c-type lectin receptors
30
bone marrow and thymus
primary lymphoid organs
31
b cells develop in
bone marrow
32
t cells develop in
thymus
33
sites where adaptive immunity is initiated -lymphocytes have contact with antigens
secondary lymphoid organs
34
produces the cells of the immune system from stem cell precursors
bone marrow
35
soft, spongy tissue in medullary cavity of bones
bone marrow
36
lymphatic organ responsible for the maturation and specialization of white blood cells called t lymphocytes
thymus
37
after maturation, t lymphocytes in the thymus enter blood stream and travel to
secondary lymphatic sites
38
what involutes with age
thymus
39
part of secondary lymphoid tissue that is part of mucosal lining: and what are the 4 parts of it:
waldeyer's ring 1. pharyngeal tonsil 2. tubal tonsil 3. palatine tonsil 4. lingual tonsil
40
where are most lymphocytes found
in lymph nodes
41
first line of defense -develops quickly -rapidly reacts against infectious pathogens -no memory
innate immunity
42
specialize immunity -develops more slowly -mediates an effective defense against infections -memory for future encounters
adaptive immunity
43
recognizes diverse foregin substances
adaptive immunity
44
triggered when mcirobes pass through epithelial barriers, recognized by lymphocytes in lymphoid organs
adaptive immunity
45
substance that can induce an immune response
antigen (in adaptive immunity)
46
humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
two parts of adaptive immunity
47
mediated antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes
humoral immunity
48
mediated by t lymphocytes
cell-mediated immunity
49
in lymph node, where are t cells and b cells found
b cells found on outer rim t cells found in middle
50
what is the humoral immunity mediated by
antibodies
51
-protein produced by bcells -secreted into circulation and mucosal fluids -neutralize and eliminate microbes and microbial toxins -prevent infections from being established
antibodies
52
make up 10-20% of circulating peripheral lymphocyte population
b-lymphocytes
53
where do b-lymphocytes originate and mature
in bone marrow
54
b-lymphocytes recognize antigens through membrane bound
IgM
55
recognize many chemical structures: soluble or cell-associated proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, small chemicals
b-lymphocytes
56
b-lymphocytes differentiate into____ after stimulation[antigen]: to secrete antibodies
plasma cells
57
what are the 5 classes of antibodies
IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD
58
-most abundant antibody -found in blood and serum -efficiently opsonizes pathogens -can cross placenta
IgG four subclasses: 1 2 3 4
59
-most commonly observed in mucus membrane secretions (like saliva) -formers dimer when secreted -neutraling antibody
IgA
60
-largest antibody -first antibody produced in response to antigen -most efficient antibody to activate complement
IgM
61
-functions against helminth infections -mediates allergic reactions (hypersensitivity type I) -least common antibody
IgE
62
each antibody has a unique:
amino acid sequence
63
-rearrangement and assembly of gene segments -occurs during B cell development -results in millions of combinations for antigen recognition
antibody diversity: each antibody has a unique amino acid sequence
64
initially, IgM and IgD are present as membrane bound antibodies -b cells may produce AB of other classes -occurs after stimulated by antigen and CD4 T (helper) cells
antibody class switching
65
during antibody class switching, b cell still maintains its antigen specificity but what is switched
heavy chain is switched
66
by switching heavy chain with antibody class switching, this broadens the
functional capabilities of humoral immunity
67
second exposure to antigen activates memory B cells
secondary response
68
generated after primary response to respond to antigen in future
memory B cell
69
can circulate in the body for years after infection
memory b cells
70
in secondary response, a fraction of activated b cells become _____.
memory cells
71
circulate in the blood, lymphoid organs -do not actively secrete antibodies -rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells upon re-exposure
memory b cells
72
goal is to stimulate protective adaptive immune responses against microbes
vaccination
73
vaccination introduce ______forms of microbes
non-pathogenic
74
some types of vaccinations:
inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, mRNA vaccine
75
types of whole virus vaccines
inactivated: contains copies of the virus that have been killed (may need booster) live-attenuated: contains copies of the virus that have been weakened
76
antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen
active immunity
77
types of active immunity:
naturally: individual with infectious disease artificial: vaccination- attenuate virus or bacteria provides long-term immunity-memory b cells
78
antibodies derived from another source
passive immunity
79
meternal antibodies transferred across placenta to fetus -provides short-term immunity- no memory b cells produced
passive immunity
80
active vs passive immunity which provides immediate protection? which provides long term protection?
immediate: passive long term: active
81
combat infections by intracellular microbes -mediated by t-lymphocytes
cell mediated immunity
82
cell mediated immunity deals with intracellular pathogens:
1. microbes ingested by phagocytes- some may resist microbial activity 2. viruses- able to infect and replicate in cytoplasm of host cells
83
cell mediate sequence explained:
1. APCs travel to lymphoid tissues and present antigen via MHC 2. t cells are activated, proliferate, and differentiate into effector and memory cells 3. t cell migrate to site of infection- initiate response (CD4 vs. CD8) 4. some activated t cells remain in lymph tissue -help b cells produce antibodies -become memory t cells
84
-locus of polymorphic genes on chromosome 6 -display peptide antigens for recognition by t lymphocytes!!!! -helps cells recognize between self and nonself!!!!!
major histocaompatibility complex MHC [human leukocyte antigen: HLA]
85
mhc class that is found on all nucleated cells: what is it recognized by?
MHC class I recognized by CD8 t cells
86
what mhc class is found on the APC surface? recognized by:
mhc class II recognized by CD4 t cells -macrophages, dendritic cells, b cells
87
-become effector cells in response to antigen -apc presents antigen via MHC II -will release cytokines to activate other cells -have clonal expansion of these
CD4 t cells
88
CD4 helper t cell subset classes:
Th1: activate macrophages= host defense is intracellular pathogens Th2: activate eosinophils= host defense is parasites Th17: activate neutrophils= host defense are extracellular pathogens
89
become effector cells in response to antigen -APC presents antigens on MHC I -will release enzymes to kill infected cells
cd8 t cells
90
-a fraction of antigen-activated t cells differentiate into memory cells -found in lymphoid organs, mucosal tissue, circulation -central memory cells: rapid clonal expansion after re-exposure
cell-mediated memory
91
-immune responses are self-limited -effector lymphocytes die by apoptosis after microbe is eliminated -allows system to return to resting state
decline of immune responses
92
humoral vs cellular immunity which deals with extracellular microbes and which with intracellular microbes
extra: humoral intra: cellular

PATHOLOGY EXAM 1 (13 decks)

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