Infectious Diseases, Environmental and Nutritional Pathology, Congenital Anomalies Flashcards
Multinucleated giant cells with
eosinophilic nuclear and
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
seen in measles infection
Warthin-Finkeldey
cells
Ulcerated mucosal lesions in oral
cavity near opening of Stensen
duct in measles
Koplik spots
Most common extra salivary
gland complication in mumps
Aseptic meningitis
Causative agent of cold sores,
herpetic whitlow
HSV-1
Causative agent of genital herpes
HSV-2
α-herpesviruses
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
β-herpesvirus
CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7
γ-herpesvirus
EBV, HHV-8
Large cell and nucleus with
intranuclear basophilic inclusions
with surrounding clear halo
(Owl’s eye)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
EBV-associated malignancies
Nasopharyngeal
carcinoma, Burkitt
lymphoma, some
Hodgkin lymphoma
type
Causative agent of infectious
mononucleosis
EBV
Clinical form of leprosy
characterized by intact cellmediated
immunity, (+)
Lepromin skin test, and
asymmetric nerve involvement with granulomatous
inflammation
Tuberculoid
(paucibacillary)
Clinical form of leprosy
characterized by depressed cellmediated
immunity, symmetric
nerve involvement, (-) Lepromin
skin test, and (+) Lepra cells
Lepromatous
(multibacillary)
Most common extrapulmonary
manifestation of TB
Lymphadenitis
(scrofula)
Most commonly involved
segment of the intestine in
gastrointestinal TB
Ileum
Components of Ghon complex
Ghon focus +pulmonary
hilar node involvement
Anogenital painless lesion in
primary syphilis
Chancre
Broad-based plaques on skin in
secondary syphilis
Condyloma lata
Histologic findings of gummas
Granuloma with central
coagulative necrosis
and surrounding
plasma cells
Causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia sp.
Expanding area of redness with
pale center on tick bite site in
Lyme disease
Erythema migrans
Most common zoonotic infection
in the world
Leptospirosis
Triad of Weil disease or icteric
phase of leptospirosis
Jaundice, renal failure,
hemorrhage
Most consistent pathologic
finding in leptospirosis
Capillary vasculitis
Most prevalent fungal pathogen
of humans; produces a germ tube
at 37°C
Candida
Important cause of CNS infection
in immunocompromised
patients; (+) capsule
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Important cause of pneumonia in
AIDS patients; stains with Gomori
Methenamine Silver
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Fungi with septate hyphae
branching at acute angles
Aspergillosis
Cancer caused by Aspergillus
flavus aflatoxin
Liver cancer
Fungi with non-septate hyphae
branching at right angles
Mucor
Most virulent malarial parasite;
Most common malarial parasite
in the Philippines
Plasmodium falciparum
Benign tertian malaria
Plasmodium vivax and
ovale
Quartan malaria
Plasmodium malariae
Most common cause of death in
hepatic schistosomiasis
Cirrhosis
Leading cause of bacterial
vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis
Amsel criteria in the diagnosis of
bacterial vaginosis (3 out of 4)
Thin, white
homogenous discharge;
clue cells; vaginal fluid
pH >4.5; (+) Whiff test -
fishy odor upon
addition of 10% KOH
Painful genital ulcers
Chancroid, Granuloma
inguinale, Genital
herpes
Causative agent of chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi
Painless genital ulcer
Chancre,
lymphogranuloma
venereum (LGV)
Causative agent of LGV
Chlamydia trachomatis,
L1-L3 strain
Purulent discharge, Gram (-)
intracellular diplococci
Gonococcal urethritis
Greenish vaginal discharge with
fishy odor, (+) strawberry cervix
Trichomoniasis
Most common organ system
affected by air pollution
Respiratory system i.e.
lungs
Systemic, colorless and
odorless gas asphyxiant; (+)
cherry red discoloration of
the skin and mucous
membranes
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Percent saturation of CO that
causes death
60-70%
Hemoglobin synthesis
enzymes inhibited by lead
ALA dehydratase and
Ferrochelatase
Hematologic findings
observed in lead poisoning
Basophilic stippling, ring
sideroblast (iron-laden
mitochondria), microcytic
hypochromic anemia
Form of gout caused by lead
poisoning
Saturnine gout
Disease caused by in utero
exposure to methylmercury
through ingestion of
contaminated fish
Minamata disease
Known as the king of
poisons; Chronic exposure
causes keratosis that may
progress to squamous cell
carcinoma
Arsenic
Most prevalent preventable
cause of death in man
Smoking
A metabolite of nicotine used
as a measure of passive
smoking exposure
Cotinine
Tobacco smoke compounds
that promote carcinogenesis
Tar, Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons,
Benzopyrene, Nitrosamine
Most commonly abused
substance
Ethanol
Amount of alcohol that is
reported to be protective
against coronary artery
disease
20-30 g/day
Ethanol metabolite that
causes cellular injury by lipid
peroxidation and adduct
formation
Acetaldehyde
Blood alcohol level that
causes coma and respiratory
arrest
≥ 400 mg/dL
Most common thermal injury
Thermal burns
Most common causes of
thermal burns
Fire, Scalding (in children)
Most common
microorganism causing
sepsis in burn patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mechanism of heat cramps
Electrolyte loss through
sweating
Most common hyperthermia
syndrome
Heat exhaustion
Hyperthermia, hyperkalemia,
tachycardia, arrhythmia, and
rhabdomyolysis following
exposure to anesthetic agents
Malignant hyperthermia
Mutated gene in malignant
hyperthermia
Ryanodine receptor 1
(RYR1) gene
Most common form of
current at home that causes
electrical injuries
Alternating current (AC)
Main sources of ionizing
radiation
X-rays, gamma rays, highenergy
neutrons, alpha
particles , beta particles
Effects of whole-body
ionizing radiation (in
increasing dose)
Lymphocytes→bone
marrow→small
bowel→brain
Weight for height ratio that is
3 standard deviations below
the normal range
Severe acute malnutrition
(SAM)
Type of SAM occurring due to
caloric deficiency; (+) growth
retardation, wasting,
minimally depleted serum
albumin
Marasmus
Type of SAM with profound
hypoalbuminemia (protein >
caloric deficiency, “flaky
paint” skin appearance, “flag
sign” or alternating bands of
pale and darker hair
Kwashiorkor
Highest death rate of any
psychiatric disorder; selfinduced
starvation to
promote weight loss
Anorexia nervosa
Binge eating followed by
purging such as vomiting and
laxatives or non-purging
techniques like obsessive
exercising and diet pills
Bulimia nervosa
Vitamin deficiency associated
with squamous metaplasia in
ocular, respiratory and skin
tissues; (+) night blindness,
xerophthalmia
Vitamin A
Dementia, dermatitis,
diarrhea
Pellagra (Niacin/Vitamin
B3 deficiency)
Vitamin deficiency that
presents as dry or wet
beriberi; causes Wernicke
and Korsakoff syndrome with
excessive alcohol intake
Vitamin B1 (thiamine
Megaloblastic anemia with
neurologic symptoms due to
degeneration of the spinal
cord
Vitamin B12
Megaloblastic anemia
without neurologic
symptoms
Vitamin B9
Cancers associated with the
increased synthesis of
estrogen in obese individuals
Breast and endometrial
cancers
Primary errors of
morphogenesis (Intrinsically
abnormal developmental
process)
Malformation
Secondary destruction of a
normally developed
organ e.g. amniotic bands
compressing fetal parts
Disruption
Extrinsic disturbance of
development; most common
cause is uterine constraint
Deformation
Cascade of anomalies
triggered by one initiating
aberration
Sequence
Congenital anomaly
associated with thalidomide
use
Phocomelia
Second most common cause
of neonatal morbidity, second
to congenital anomalies
Prematurity
Most common cause of
respiratory distress in
newborns
Neonatal respiratory
distress syndrome /
Hyaline membrane disease
Fundamental defect in RDS
Pulmonary immaturity and
Surfactant deficiency
(DPPC:
dipalmitoylphosphatidylch
oline)
Microscoping finding
expected in RDS (not seen in
stillborn infants)
Hyaline membranes along
alveolar walls: Fibrin +
Necrotic Type 2
pneumocytes
Typical imaging finding in
RDS
Ground-glass appearance
of the lungs
Diseases associated with
hyperoxic injury
Retinopathy of
prematurity,
bronchopulmonary
dysplasia
A premature infant presents
with hematochezia,
abdominal distension, and
hypotension following
aggressive bottle feeding
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Radiographic findings seen in
NEC
Pneumatosis intestinalis
(gas within the intestinal
wall), pneumoperitoneum
(severe cases)
Excessive accumulation of
fluid in 2 or more feta;
cavities
Fetal Hydrops
Primary mechanism of
immune hydrops in
hemolytic disease of the fetus
and newborn (HDFN)
High-output heart failure
to hemolytic anemia →
Edema
Most serious complication of
immune hydrops
Kernicterus (>20 mg/dl)
Most common cause of HFDN
ABO incompatibility
A newborn presents with
jaundice immediately postdelivery.
The G2P2 mother is
B - while the baby is B +.
What is the most likely
diagnosis?
Rh incompatibility [Setup:
Mother: Rh (-), Fetus: Rh
(+), subsequent pregnancy]
Recurrent respiratory
infections, malabsorption,
and increased sweat chloride
levels
Cystic fibrosis
Etiology of cystic fibrosis
CFTR gene (Chromosome
7) mutation
Most common cause of death
in cystic fibrosis
Cardiorespiratory
complications (persistent
lung infections, obstructive
pulmonary disease, cor
pulmonale)
Most common cause of death
between 1 month to 1 year
old in the US
Sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
Most common tumors of
infancy
Hemangioma
Most common teratoma of
childhood
Sacrococcygeal teratomas
Most common malignant
pediatric tumor
Leukemia
Most common extracranial
solid tumor of childhood;
Most commonly diagnosed
malignancy of infancy
Neuroblastoma
Childhood tumor presenting
as an abdominal mass that
crosses the midline; (+)
blueberry muffin skin
discoloration; increased
blood VMA levels
Neuroblastoma
Most common site of
neuroblastoma
Adrenal medulla
Tumor cells around a central
space filled with neuropil;
seen in neuroblastoma and
medulloblastoma
Homer-Wright
pseudorosettes
Most common primary renal
tumor of childhood
Nephroblastoma (Wilms
tumor)
Wilms tumor, Aniridia,
Genitourinary anomalies,
Mental retardation
WAGR syndrome (WT1
gene mutation)
Wilms tumor, Organomegaly,
macroglossia,
hemihypertrophy,
omphalocele, adrenal
cytomegaly
Beckwidth-Wiedemann
syndrome (WT2)
Tumor with a classic
triphasic pattern that
includes blastemal, epithelial,
and stromal components
Wilms Tumor
