Endocrine, Skin, Bones, Joints & Soft Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
Infarction or hemorrhage of the
pituitary gland producing
sudden neurologic impairment
A
Pituitary apoplexy
2
Q
Most common cause of
hyperpituitarism
A
Functioning anterior
pituitary neuroendocrine
tumor
(PitNET)/adenoma
3
Q
Most common
hyperfunctioning pituitary
tumor
A
Prolactinoma
4
Q
Hyperfunctioning of this cell
type produces gigantism in
children and acromegaly in
adults
A
Somatotroph (produces
GH)
5
Q
Development of large,
destructive pituitary adenomas
post-adrenalectomy for
Cushing syndrome
A
Nelson syndrome
6
Q
Pituitary macrotumors
measure
A
≥ 1 cm
7
Q
New term for pituitary
adenoma based on WHO 5th
edition
A
Pituitary neuroendocrine
tumor (PitNET)
8
Q
New term for pituitary
carcinoma based on WHO 5th
edition
A
Metastatic pituitary
neuroendocrine tumor
9
Q
Most common hormone
produced by functional
metastatic PitNET
A
ACTH
10
Q
Evidence of hypopituitarism
appear at this percentage of
parenchymal loss
A
75%
11
Q
Arachnoid and CSF herniate
through a sellar diaphragm
defect and compress the
pituitary
A
Primary sella syndrome
12
Q
Postpartum hypopituitarism
caused by significant blood loss
after delivery
A
Sheehan syndrome
13
Q
Type of lung cancer that
produces syndrome of
inappropriate ADH excess
A
Small cell lung carcinoma
14
Q
Pathology in central diabetes
insipidus (DI)
A
ADH deficiency
15
Q
ADH level, serum and urine
osmolality in central DI
A
ADH - Low; Serum Osm -
Normal to high; Urine
Osm - Low
16
Q
Pathology in nephrogenic DI
A
Unresponsiveness of
renal tubules to ADH
17
Q
ADH level, serum and urine
osmolality in central DI
A
ADH - Low; Serum Osm -
Normal to high; Urine
Osm - Low
18
Q
Histologic subtype of
craniopharyngioma
characterized by squamous
epithelium with peripheral
palisading, stellate reticulum “wet” keratin or “machine oil”
fluid, dystrophic calcification
A
Adamanatinomatous
19
Q
↑ T3/T4 → ↓ TSH
A
Primary
hyperthyroidism
20
Q
↑ TSH → ↑ T3/T4
A
Secondary
hyperthyroidism
21
Q
One of the earliest and most
consistent features of
hyperthyroidism
A
Cardiac manifestations
22
Q
Most common arrhythmia
encountered in
hyperthyroidism other than
sinus tachycardia
A
Atrial fibrillation
23
Q
Autoantibodies present in
Hashimoto thyroiditis
A
Anti-thyroglobulin, antithyroid
peroxidase
24
Q
Hashimoto thyroiditis
microscopic findings
A
Lymphoplasmacytic
infiltrates with germinal
centers, Oncocytic
change in thyrocytes,
Fibrosis
25
Hashimoto thyroiditis patients
have increased risk to develop
these neoplasms
Marginal zone
lymphoma, Papillary
thyroid carcinoma
26
Painless thyroid enlargement
in a postpartum patient; (+)
Anti-TPO; Thyroid biopsy -
lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates
with germinal centers only
Subacute lymphocytic
(painless) thyroiditis
27
Painful thyroid enlargement
following a history of URTI;
Thyroid biopsy - lymphocytic
infiltration, granulomas with
multinucleated giant cells
Granulomatous (De
Quervain) thyroiditis
28
Most common cause of
endogenous hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
29
Disease-causing autoantibody
in Graves disease
Thyroid-stimulating
immunoglobulin (TSI)
30
Graves disease patients are at
risk to develop these
conditions
SLE, pernicious anemia,
Type 1 DM, Addison
disease
31
Accumulating substance that
causes exophthalmos in Graves
ophthalmopathy
Glycosaminoglycan
32
Scaly thickening and induration
of the skin overlying the shins
in Graves disease
Pretibial myxedema
33
Most common cause of goiter
Iodine deficiency
34
Features favoring thyroid
malignancy
Solitary nodule, Young,
Male patient, History of
radiation, Nonfunctioning
“cold”
nodules
35
Distinguishing feature of
follicular carcinoma from
follicular adenoma
Capsular and/or vascular
invasion
36
Most common thyroid
malignancy
Papillary carcinoma
37
A specific feature of papillary
thyroid carcinoma wherein the
nucleus is optically clear and
devoid of chromatin
Orphan Annie nucleus
38
Fast-growing thyroid
malignancy that has 100%
mortality within 6 months
Anaplastic carcinoma
39
Thyroid malignancy associated
with amyloid deposition and
IHC positive with calcitonin
Medullary carcinoma
40
Most common cause of primary
hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
41
Most common cause of
secondary
hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
42
Skeletal disorder associated
with late-stage primary
hyperparathyroidism
Von Recklinghausen
disease of bone or
osteitis fibrosa cystica
43
Reliable criteria differentiating
parathyroid carcinoma from
adenoma
Metastasis and Local
invasion
44
Renal manifestations of
hyperparathyroidism
Nephrolithiasis,
nephrocalcinosis
45
Most common cause of
hypoparathyroidism
Surgical removal
46
The presence of Chvostek and
Trousseau signs is suggestive
of this electrolyte abnormality
Hypocalcemia
47
Autoantibodies against
pancreatic islet cells in T1DM
Anti-insulin, GAD, and
ICA2
48
Most important susceptibility
genes for T1DM
HLA DR3/DR4 (Ch6)
49
Most important environmental
factor causing T2DM
Central/Visceral obesity
50
Most common cause of death in
T2DM patients
Myocardial infarction
51
T2DM macrovascular
complications
Coronary, cerebrovascular,
and peripheral arterial
disease
52
T2DM microvascular
complications
Retinopathy,
Nephropathy,
Neuropathy
53
Nodules of pink hyaline
material in the glomerulus of
patients with diabetic
nephropathy
Kimmelstiel-Wilson
lesion/Nodular
glomerulosclerosis
54
Unequivocal criteria for
pancreatic neuroendocrine
tumor malignancy
Metastasis, Vascular
invasion, Local
infiltration
55
Whipple triad of insulinoma
Hypoglycemia <50
mg/dL, Neuroglycopenic
symptoms, Relief upon
parenteral glucose
administration
56
A patient presents with severe
GERD and peptic ulceration
despite intensive PPI
treatment. H. pylori is not
detected. Which pancreatic
tumor is most likely present?
Gastrinoma
57
Pancreatic tumor with features of
diabetes, necrolytic migratory
erythema, and anemia
Glucagonoma
58
WDHA syndrome of VIPoma
Watery diarrhea,
Hypokalemia,
Achlorhydria
59
Abdominal striae, obesity,
dorsocervical fullness (buffalo
hump), moon facies, ↑ 24-hour
urine free cortisol
Cushing syndrome
60
ACTH-secreting pituitary
adenoma
Cushing disease
61
Most common cause of Cushing
syndrome overall
Exogenous steroids
62
Most common endogenous
cause of Cushing syndrome
Cushing disease
63
Hypertension, hypokalemia, ↑
Aldosterone ↓ Renin
Primary
hyperaldosteronism or
Conn syndrome
64
↑ Renin ↑ Aldosterone
Secondary
hyperaldosteronism
65
Causes of secondary
hyperaldosteronism
Renal hypoperfusion -
Nephrosclerosis, Renal
artery stenosis, Arterial
hypovolemia; Pregnancy
66
Most common cause enzyme
deficient in congenital adrenal
hyperplasia
21-hydroxylase
67
Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage
as a complication of
meningococcemia causing
primary acute adrenocortical
insufficiency
Waterhouse-
Friderichsen syndrome
68
Eponym of primary chronic
adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison disease
69
Hormone elevated in Addison
disease that causes skin
hyperpigmentation
MSH or melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
70
Features differentiating
secondary from primary
adrenal insufficiency
Hyperpigmentation (↓
MSH); ACTH stimulation
test: (+) – ↑ in cortisol
71
Most common adrenocortical
tumor
Adrenocortical adenoma
72
Medullary chromaffin cell
tumor that produces
catecholamine
Pheochromocytoma
73
Only reliable criterion of
malignancy for
pheochromocytoma
Metastasis
74
Pheochromocytoma rule of 10
10% are extra-adrenal,
bilateral, biologically
malignant, and not
associated with
hypertension
75
MEN 1 Syndrome eponym
Wermer syndrome
76
Features of MEN 1 syndrome
3 Ps: Primary
hyperparathyroidism,
pancreatic tumor,
pituitary tumor
77
MEN 2A Syndrome eponym
Sipple syndrome
78
Clinical features of MEN2A
syndrome
Pheochromocytoma,
Medullary thyroid
carcinoma, Parathyroid
hyperplasia
79
MEN 2B Syndrome eponyms
Wagemann-Froboese
syndrome, MEN 3,
Mucosal neuroma
syndrome
80
Clinical features of MEN2B
syndrome
Pheochromocytoma,
Medullary thyroid
carcinoma, Neuromas,
Ganglioneuromas,
Marfanoid habitus
81
Gene mutation in MEN1
Pheochromocytoma,
Medullary thyroid
carcinoma, Neuromas,
Ganglioneuromas,
Marfanoid habitus
82
Gene mutation in MEN1
MEN1 loss
83
Gene mutation in MEN2A, 2B
RET gain-of-function
84
Nested melanocytic
proliferation without
architectural/cytologic atypia
Melanocytic nevus
85
Linear melanocytic
proliferation along basal
epidermis
Simple lentigo
86
Most deadly skin cancer
Malignant melanoma
87
Most important risk factor for
malignant melanoma
Sun exposure
88
Growth phase of melanoma
that has metastatic potential
Vertical growth phase
89
Type of melanoma located in
any cutaneous site except
palms and soles; Intermittently
sun-exposed skin
Superficial spreading
melanoma
90
Type of melanoma located in
on-hair bearing acral skin;
Unrelated to sun exposure
Acral melanoma
91
Measures the depth of invasion
of melanoma from the top of
the granular layer to the
deepest point of invasion
Breslow thickness
92
Thickened, hyperpigmented
skin with a “velvet-like” texture
in flexural areas seen in obese
and DM patients
Acanthosis nigricans
93
Acanthosis nigricans is a
cutaneous marker of these
malignancies
Gastrointestinal
malignancies
94
Soft pedunculated mass on the
skin; fibrovascular cores lined
by benign squamous
epithelium
Fibroepithelial polyp
(Acrochordon, Skin Tag)
95
Tan/dark brown plaque with
keratin-impacted pores on
dermoscopy
Seborrheic keratosis (SK)
96
The abrupt appearance of of
multiple seborrheic keratoses
caused by an associated
malignancy
Leser-Trélat sign
97
Blue-gray elastic fibers in the
dermis that serve as a marker
of sun damage; seen in actinic
keratosis
Solar elastosis
98
Most important risk factor for
squamous cell carcinoma of the
skin
UV radiation
99
Other risk factors for SCCA of
the skin
Ionizing radiation,
Immunosuppression,
HPV infection (5 and 8),
Coal tar, Arsenic, Old
burn scars, chronic
ulcers, draining
osteomyelitis
100
Most common type of skin
cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
(BCC)
101
Clinical features of BCC
Pearly, telangiectatic
papules→Ulceration
(Rodent ulcer), extensive
local invasion
102
Syndrome associated with
multiple BCCs,
medulloblastoma, odontogenic
keratocysts, etc.
Nevoid BCC (Gorlin)
syndrome
103
Type of hypersensitivity
observed in acute eczematous
dermatitis (contact with
external antigen e.g. poison ivy)
Type IV Hypersensitivity
104
Infections associated with
erythema multiforme
HSV, Mycoplasma,
Histoplasma,
Coccidioides, S. typhi, M.
leprae
105
Drugs associated with
erythema multiforme
Sulfonamides, Penicillin,
Barbiturates, Salicylates,
Hydantoins,
antimalarials
106
A patient presents with
multiple plaques with scaling
on the elbow, knee, and scalp
regions. Nail pitting and
onycholysis are present. What
is the most likely diagnosis?
Psoriasis
107
Pinpoint bleeding on lifting of
psoriasis scales
Auspitz sign
108
Appearance of new skin lesions
on previously unaffected skin
secondary to trauma
Koebner phenomenon
109
Collection of neutrophils in the
stratum corneum; a cardinal
sign of psoriasis
Munro microabscesses
110
Biochemical etiology of
seborrheic dermatitis
↑ Androgens, ↓ Dopamine
(Parkinson)
111
Infectious etiology of
seborrheic dermatitis
Malassezia furfur, HIV
112
Civatte bodies or necrotic basal
keratinocytes, interface dermatitis, and DEJ saw toothing are present in
Lichen planus
113
6Ps of lichen planus
Pruritic, purple,
polygonal, planar,
papules, and plaques
114
Most common type of
pemphigus
Pemphigus vulgaris
115
Pathology in pemphigus
vulgaris
IgG against desmoglein
(Desmosomes)
116
Immunofluorescence finding in
pemphigus vulgaris
Epidermis, intercellular
→ Lace-like pattern
117
Pathology in bullous
pemphigoid
IgG against BPAGs
(Hemidesmosomes)
118
Immunofluorescence finding in
bullous pemphigoid
Basement membrane →
Linear pattern
119
Clinical sign that differentiates
pemphigus vulgaris from
bullous pemphigoid
Pemphigus: (+) Nikolsky
sign
120
Disease associated with
dermatitis herpetiformis
Celiac disease
121
Pathology in dermatitis
herpetiformis
IgA against gliadins cross
reacts against reticulin
122
Acne-causing bacteria that
converts lipids into
proinflammatory fatty acids
Cutibacterium acnes
123
Papules with central black plug
(due to oxidized melanin
Open comedones
124
Causative agent of verruca
vulgaris
Low-risk HPVs
125
vPink, pearly papule with
umbilical center; curd-like
material can be expressed from
umbilication
Molluscum contagiosum
126
Etiology of impetigo
S. aureus (bullosa), S.
pyogenes (contagiosa)
127
Focal suppurative
inflammation of skin and
subcutaneous tissue
Furuncle
128
Deeper suppurative infections
that spreads laterally and
superficially
Carbuncle
129
Chronic suppurative infection
of the apocrine glands
Hidradenitis
130
Infection of the palmar side of
fingertips
Felon
131
Nail bed infection
Paronychia
132
Other term for Staphylococcal
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Ritter disease
133
Disruption of the migration
and condensation of
mesenchyme
Dysostosis
134
Global disorganization of
bone and or cartilage
Dysplasia
135
Most common skeletal
dysplasia
Achondroplasia
136
Most common cause of lethal
dwarfism
Thanatophoric dysplasia
137
Usual cause of death in
thanatophoric dysplasia
Respiratory insufficiency
138
Gene mutation in
achondroplasia and
thanatophoric dysplasia
FGFR3 gain of function
139
Most common cause of
inherited disorder of
connective tissue
Osteogenesis imperfecta
(Brittle bone disease)
140
Genes mutated in
osteogenesis imperfecta
COL1A1, COL1A2
141
Pathology in osteogenesis
imperfecta
Deficient Type I collagen
synthesis
142
Decreased bone mass (T
score = -1 – -2.5 SD)
Osteopenia
143
Severe osteopenia that
significantly increases the
risk of fracture (T score < -
2.5 SD)
Osteoporosis
144
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Advanced age, physical
inactivity, calcium and
vitamin D deficiency,
estrogen deficiency
145
Faulty bone mineralization
caused by vitamin D
deficiency; results in bone
softening and weakening
Rickets (Pediatric),
Osteomalacia (Adults)
146
Clinical features of rickets
Craniotabes (Softened skull
bones), Frontal bossing,
Squared head, Rachitic
rosary, Pigeon breast
deformity, Lumbar
lordosis, Bowing of legs
147
Skeletal disorder in CKD and
dialysis patients resulting
from secondary
hyperparathyroidism
Renal osteodystrophy
148
Mosaic pattern of lamellar
bone with cement lines
→Jigsaw-puzzle appearance
Paget’s Disease of Bone
149
Most dreaded complication
of Paget’s Disease of Bone
Secondary sarcoma
(Osteosarcoma >
Fibrosarcoma)
150
Stage of fracture healing on
Day 0-1
Organizing hematoma
151
Stage of fracture healing on
Week 0-1
Soft callus/bone callus
152
Type of bone deposited in
week 2-3 of fracture healing
Woven bone
153
Type of bone formed in week
3-months of fracture healing
Lamellar bone
154
Most common etiologies of
avascular necrosis
Fractures, corticosteroid
use
155
Site commonly involved in
avascular necrosis due to the
absence of collateral
circulation
Medullary cavity
156
Most common bacterial
cause of osteomyelitis
Staphylococcus aureus
157
Bacteria associated with
osteomyelitis in sickle cell
anemia patients
Salmonella
158
Region of the bone where
osteomyelitis in children is
commonly located
Metaphysis
159
Region of the bone where
osteomyelitis in adults is
commonly located
Epiphysis, Subchondral
160
In acute osteomyelitis,
destruction of the bone produces
draining sinuses called as
Sequestrum
161
Living shell around a
devitalized infected bone
Involucrum
162
Osteoid osteoma tumor size
and pain response to NSAIDs
<2 cm, pain relieved by
NSAIDs
163
Osteoblastoma tumor size
and pain response to NSAIDs
> 2 cm, pain not relieved by
NSAIDs
164
Most common primary bone
sarcoma
Osteosarcoma
165
Secondary osteosarcoma risk
factors
Paget disease of bone, bone
infarcts, previous radiation
166
Most common site of
osteosarcoma
Metaphysis - Knee
167
Radiologic findings
suggestive of osteosarcoma
Sunburst periosteal
reaction, Codman triangle
(Periosteal lifting)
168
Most common metastatic site
of osteosarcoma
Lung
169
Most common benign bone
tumor
Osteochondroma
170
Common site involved in
osteochondroma
Metaphysis - Knee, Pelvis,
Scapula, Ribs
171
Osteochondroma can
transform into which
sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
172
Syndrome of multiple
enchondromas, Spindle cell
hemangiomas, Risk for brain
gliomas
Maffucci syndrome
173
Genetic mutation in Ewing
sarcoma
t(11;22) ESWR1::FLI1
174
Common site involved in
Ewing sarcoma
Diaphysis - Long bones,
Pelvis, Ribs
175
Rounded cell clusters around
a central fibrillary core seen
in Ewing sarcoma
Homer-Wright rosettes
176
Radiologic findings
suggestive of Ewing sarcoma
Lytic, infiltrative,
multilayered periosteal
reaction (Onion-skin
lesion)
177
Skeletal disorder associated
with McCune-Albright
syndrome
Fibrous dysplasia (+ Caféau-
lait spots + Precocious
puberty)
178
Most common skeletal
malignancy
Metastasis
179
Blastic bone lesions
Prostate
180
Lytic bone lesions
Kidney, Lung, GIT,
Melanoma
181
Most common form of
arthritis
Osteoarthritis
182
Osteophytes at the DIPJ
Heberden nodes
183
Osteophytes at CMCJ or PIPJ
of the hand
Bouchard nodes
184
Most common inflammatory
arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
185
HLA type associated with RA
HLA-DR4
186
Most common joints involved
in RA
Small joints of hands and
feet
187
PIP Hyperextension, DIP
flexion
Swan neck deformity
188
PIP Flexion, DIP
Hyperextension
Boutonniere deformity
189
IgM/IgG against IgG Fc
region
Rheumatoid factor
190
Early specific marker for RA
Anti-citrullinated peptide
antibody (ACPA)
191
Most commonly involved
joint in gout
1st MTP of big toe
192
Pathologic hallmark of gout
Tophus
193
Appearance of monosodium
urate crystals in polarized
microscopy
Needle-shaped, (-)
Birefringence (Yellow)
194
Crystals deposited in
pseudogout
Calcium pyrophosphate
dihydrate (CPPD)
195
Most commonly involved
joint in pseudogout
Knee
196
Appearance of CPP crystals
in polarized microscopy
Rhomboid, (+)
Birefringence (Blue)
197
Infectious etiology of
suppurative arthritis in late
adolescents and young adults
N. gonorrhoeae
198
Infectious etiology of
suppurative arthritis in
children <2 years old
H. influenzae
199
Examples of seronegative
spondyloarthropathies
Ankylosing spondylitis,
Reactive arthritis
200
Most commonly involved
joint in Ankylosing
spondylitis
Sacroiliac joint
201
Triad of reactive arthritis
Arthritis, Conjunctivitis,
Urethritis
202
Most common soft tissue
tumor of adulthood
Lipoma
203
Most common sarcoma of
adulthood
Liposarcoma
204
Most common soft tissue
sarcoma in children and
adolescents
Rhabdomyosarcoma
205
Craniopharyngioma:
Adamantinomatous mutation
Papillary mutation
CTNNB1 (B-catenin);
BRAF V600E
206
Metastatic PitNet features
(+) craniospinal involvement
(+) systemic metastasis
207
Graves disease is a Type _____ hypersensitivity reaction with Ab against _______________________
II; TSH receptors
208
Colloid is pale; scalloped (Moth-eaten)
Grave's disease
209
Grave's triad
Hyperthyroidism
Ophthalmopathy
Dermopathy
210
Brown glassy translucent cut surface
Goiter (Colloid involution)
211
A syndrome of toxic (hyperthyroid) goiter w/ functioning nodule from multinodular goiter
Plummer syndrome
212
Follicular adenoma mutation
RAS, PAX8::PPARG fusion
213
Follicular carcinoma route of spread
Hematogenous
214
Papillary carcinoma mutation
BRAF V600E, RAS, RET fusion
215
Route of spread of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Lymphatic
216
Thyroid carcinomas caused by iron deficiency
Follicular, Anaplastic
217
Thyroid carcinomas caused by iron excess
Papillary
218
Mutations in anaplastic thyroid Ca
TP53, TERT, RAS, BRAF
219
IHC of anaplastic thyroid Ca
(+) Cytokeratin
(+) PAX8
220
Thyroid ca that arise from follicular epithelial cells
follicular, anaplastic, papillary
221
Thyroid ca that arise from parafollicular c cells
Medullary
222
Mutation in medullary thyroid ca
Germline RET
223
Used to diagnose hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue
Technetium-99m sestamibi
224
Lab parameter to use to check serum ca levels
Albumin
225
Hormone co-secreted w/ insulin that promotes amyloid deposition
Islet amyloid polypeptide
226
Why is the decrease in insulin in HHS not sufficient to cause ketoacidosis?
Adequate portal vein insulin levels
227
Manifestations: DKA vs. HHS
DKA: visceral (N/V, abdominal pain)
HHS: Neurologic
228
Steroid deficiencies in primary vs. secondary adrenocortical insufficiency
(glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgens)
Primary: Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid
Secondary: Glucocorticoid, androgens
229
Spironolactone bodies
Adrenal cortical adenoma
230
Adrenal cortical carcinoma are associated with the following conditions:
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (TP53 loss)
Beckwidth-Wiedemann (IGF-2 overexpression)
231
Zellballen arrangement of chief cells surrounded by spindle sustentacular cells
Pheochromocytoma
232
Pheochromocytoma clinical features
Hypertension
DHP triad: Diaphoresis, headache, palpitations
233
Metastatic sites for pheochromocytoma
LLLB
Lymph nodes
Liver
Lung
Bone
234
Mutation in MEN 4
CDKN1B loss
235
(+) neurotization
Melanocytic nevus
236
Malignant melanoma mutation
TERT
237
Associated with Burt Hogg syndrome
Fibroepithelial polyp
238
Undulation of epidermal and dermal papillae
Acanthosis nigricans
239
Atypical squamous cells invading dermis
SCC of skin
240
Basal cell carcinoma gene affected
PCTH (tumor suppressor gene) loss
241
(+) thickening of epidermis and elongation of Rete
Test tube in a rack appearance
Seen in psoriasis
242
(+) neutrophils in spongiotic foci
Spongiform pustules of Kogoj
243
(+) follicular lipping
Seborrheic dermatitis
244
(+) Wickham striae
Lichen planus
245
Difference of Pemphigus vulgaris vs. Bullous pemphigoid
Ab against:
Location of blister:
Acantholysis
Pattern:
Nikolsky:
Pemphigus vulgaris
IgG against DESMOSOMES
Suprabasilar blister
(+) Acantholysis
Epidermis-intercellular --> lace-like pattern
(+) Nikolsky sign
Bullous pemphigoid
IgG against HEMIDESMOSOMES
Subepidermal blister
(-) Acantholysis
Basement membrane --> linear pattern
(-) Nikolsky sign
246
Pathogenesis of Verruca vulgaris
Viral E6 protein --> NOTCH inactivation --> ↑ epidermal hyperplasia
247
Well-differentiated LPS/Atypical Lipomatosis Tumor etiology (gene)
MDM2 amplification
248
Myxoid LPS etiology
DDIT3 rearrangement
249
Rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue IHC
Desmin, myogenin, MYOD1
250
Alveolar RMS translocation
t (2:13) PAX3::FOXO1
t (1:13) PAX7::FOXO1
251
Conditions with presence of Psammoma Bodies
PSaMmoma bodies
Papillary ca of thyroid
Papillary ca of RCC
Serous cystadenoma of ovary
Meningoma
