Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paediatrics > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

If a fever has lasted longer than 5 days what do you think of?

A

Kawasaki

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If the febrile illness arises days before a rash what is viral cause?

A

VZV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

History questions in sick child presentation?

A

How long
Chronology
Immunisations
Infected contacts
immunosuppression
Exposure - animals, travel, school, food/drink
Treatment already given - meningitis/penumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What temperature would be immediately high risk in a baby under 3 months and a child 3-6 months?

A

under 3 months = over 38

3-6 months = over 39

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Child presenting with cough, conjunctivitis, coryzal rash on face and ears now around bottom, what are differentials?

A

Scarlet fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signs of scarlet fever?

A

sandpaper rash, strawberry red tongue, pastias lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Symptoms of Meningitis in children?

A

Photophobia, neck stiffness, bulging fontanelle, rash, headache, seizures, sepsis, altered GCS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What investigations are needed into suspected meningitis?

A

Blood culture and LP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does lumbar puncture look at for meningitis investigation?

A

Glucose, protein, WCC, microscopy, gram stain, molecular testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How will CSF present in TB?

A

yellow with raised WCC, marked raise in protein and very low glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What sign is positive for meningitis?

A

Kernigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

8 causative organisms for meningitis?

A 
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophillus influenza type b
Streptococcus pneumoniae
group B strep 
E.Coli
TB
Fungi
Parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment for CNS infections?

A

3rd gen cef = cefotaxime or ceftriaxone

Steroids (HiB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What follow up is needed in meningitis?

A

Audiology

clinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do steroids allow in meningitis treatment?

A

reduced hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of brain parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 6 viral illnesses can then proceed to encephalitis?

A

CMV, enteroviruses, HSV, adenovirus, jap encephalitis, arboviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why does HSV encephalitis have unique presentation and what is it?

A

Temporal region effected following tracking back from temporal lobe ganglion
Presents with haemorrhagic encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment of HSV encephalitis?

A

Aciclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In encephalitis what investigations on CSF are looked at?

A

PCR
Serology - arboviruses, lyme disease
Examine - RBCs, protein, oligoclonal bands, pleocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is ADEM spectrum and when does it occur?

A

Acute demyelinating encephaliting spectrum in post infectious CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What 3 organisms most likely to cause post-infectious encephalitis?

A

HSV
VZV
Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

6 common viral pathogens causing URTI?

A 
RSV
Rhinovirus
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza
Influenza
Coronavirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Viral pathogens most likely to cause LRTI?

A 
RSV
parainfluenza
influenza
Adenovirus
Metapneumovirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bacterial pathogens most likely to cause LRTI?
mycoplasma strep. pneumoniae haemophillus Staph aureus
26
Tests for moderate to severe pneumoniae?
Blood culture Nasopharyngeal aspirate - PCR, FISH for virus Sputum culture - bacterial Pleural fluid
27
When is CXR indicated in pneumonia?
When it is very severe with complications or diagnostic doubt
28
Treatment of CAP? what is added if not effective?
Amoxicillin | Macrolide
29
What is Pertussis known as? Presents as?
Whooping cough URTI, rhinorrhoea, cough with whoop, apnoea, vomiting, conjunctival haemorrhages 100 day cough
30
How is diagnosis of pertussis made?
Nasopharyngeal swab for PCR and culture | lymphocytosis
31
What drug class is given in pertussis to reduce transmissibility?
Macrolide - clarithromycin, azithromycin
32
What does the cocooning strategy of pertussis vaccination refer to?
Vaccinating whole household of newborn infant
33
Primary causative viral agent of gastroenteritis? 2 other viral causes?
Rotavirus Adenovirus Norovirus
34
5 main bacterial causes of gastroenteritis?
``` Shigella salmonella e.coli campylobacter c. diff ```
35
Management of Gastroenteritis?
Supportive Fluid and electrolyte replacement Rotavirus vaccine
36
2 big MSK infections to be aware of?
Septic arthritis | Acute haemotogenous osteomyelitis
37
Septic arthritis symptoms?
Joint swelling Fever limitation of movement
38
Most common pathogens causing septic arthritis?
``` S. aureus Group A strep Hib Pneumococcus Kingella Kingae ```
39
Symptoms of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis?
pain fever swelling
40
Organisms most likely to cause acute haematogenous osteomyelitis?
``` Staph aureus Group A strep Hib Pneumococcus Kingella Kingae ```
41
Treatment of MSK infection?
Flucloxicillin (more broad spec in younger)
42
What is it important to clarify in a history of GI upset?
Travel history
43
Travellers diarrhoea may need short course of what 2 antibiotics?
Ciprofloxacin | Azithromycin
44
Most common 4 agents of travellers diarrhoea?
Shigella E.Coli Salmonella Parasites
45
Malaria symptoms in children, test and what test looks for?
Fever, rigors, headache Antigen test for malaria Looks at viral load and species of plasmodium
46
Increasing symptoms of typhoid fever in first 3 weeks? | Treatment with what 2 drugs?
``` Fever GI pain Rash - rose spots 2nd week - gastro perforation 3rd week - encephalopathy broad spec ceph and azithromycin ```
47
What is the infection known as break down fever? symtpoms?
Dengue fever, high temp and severe bone pain
48
2 illnesses you can get from ticks?
Typhus | Lyme disease
49
At 2 months old, what 3 injections are given? What oral drug?
1 - diptheria, polio, tetanus, pertussis 2 - penumococcus 3 - Hib Oral - rotavirus
50
At 3 months old what 2 injections are given? what oral drug?
1 - (second) diptheria, tetanus, polio, pertussis 2 - Men C Oral - rotavirus
51
At 4 months old what 3 injections are given?
1. (third) tetanus, polio, diptheria, pertussis 2. (second) Hib 3. (second) Pneumococcus
52
At age 1 what 3 vaccines do you receive?
1. MMR 2. Pneumococcus 3. Hib and Men C
53
At age 3 what 2 vaccines do you get?
1. MMR | 2. (fourth) tetanus, polio, pertussis, diptheria
54
Girls age 12/13 get what vaccine
HPV
55
If a mother is identified as having hep B, what is the child vaccination management plan?
``` Birth ( potentially Ig too) 1 month 2 months 1 year 5 years ```
56
Who is the BCG vaccine given to and what does it protect against?
``` TB Children in high risk areas Parents from high risk countries Travel Recent contact ```
57
What should you ask about in a CNS infection history?
``` Travel Work Sex Contacts Epidemics Animal contacts Vaccinations ```
58
Clinical features of meningitis?
``` Headache Photophobia Decreased consiousness Bulging fontanelle Vomiting Fever Positive Kernigs sign Rash Lethargy Irritable High pitched cry in babies Poor feeding ```
59
Comment on the lymphocytes, neutrophils, glucose, protein, gram and ziehl neelson in CSF of pyogenic, viral, TB infections?
``` Pyogenic = normal, very raised, very low, high, positive, negative Viral = raised, normal, normal, raised, negative, negative TB = raised, normal, low, very high, negative, positive ```
60
Which bacterial agent of meningitis initially invades intracellularly and which invades intercellularly
Neisseria meningitis is intracellularly | Haemophillus influenzae is intercellularly
61
How are meningitis agents able to invade the CNS undetected?
Evade the complement system and therefore no Ig are produced allowing unimpeded growth
62
What 3 components of bacterial cell walls are released in meningitis ?
IL 1 IL6 TNF
63
3 most common pathogenic causes of meningitis in infants?
Group B strep E. Coli Listeria monocytogenes
64
3 most common pathogenic causes of meningitis in toddlers?
N. meningitidis Hib Strep. pneumoniae
65
What is neisseria meningitidis sensitive to? type of bacteria? How is it grown and identified?
penicillin Gram negative diplococci Sugar fermentation of maltose and glucose
66
Haemophillus influenzae sensitive? Grown on what? Type of bacteria?
Beta lactamase positive meaning usually penicillin resistant Grown on chocolate agar with factor X and V Gram negative rod
67
2 drugs used to treat children with meningitis?
Ampicillin and cefotaxime
68
1 drug used to treat toddlers and adults with meningitis?
Ceftriaxone
69
When is dexmethasone used before treating meningitis?
Before beta lactam antibiotics to treat cerebral oedema | For Hib as reduces changes of deafness
70
What are the 2 protein carriers for Hib vaccine?
tetanus, diptheria
71
Which strain of neisseria meningitidis has a vaccine and which doesnt?
Strain B doesnt, strain C does
72
If someone in the house had Hib what are the rest prophylactically treated with?
Rifampicin
73
If someone has neisseria meningitidis what 2 things are the rest of the household treated with prophylactically
Rifampicin or ciprofloxacin
74
What viral cause of meningitis is most common? other agents
``` Enterovirus 80% CMV VZV HSV Adenovirus Japanese encephalitis HIV Mumps ```
75
Different presentations of viral meningitis?
``` URTI Conjunctivitis pharyngitsis pneumonia myopericarditis gastroenteritis Neuro ```
76
Other causes of meningitis besides bacterial and viral
``` Fungi TB Helminths Protozoa Mycoplasma Brucella Syphillis ```
77
How many months after initial infection does TB meningitis present?
3-6 months
78
50% of TB meningitis is what type?
miliary
79
Symptoms of TB meningitis?
``` Drowsy Headache Neck stiffness Photophobia Irritable Personality changes decreased consiousness cranial nerve involvement ```
80
How do you diagnose TB meningitis?
positive tuberculin test (man 2 test), gastric washings
81
What is the 4 fold treatment of TB meningitis?
``` Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Aminoglycoside/ethambutol all for 2 months Continue rifampicin and isoniazid up to 9-12 months ```
82
2 forms of meningitis most prevalent in the immunocompromised?
Listeria monocytogenes | Crytococcus (yeast)
83
Most common viral cause of encephalitis? % get long term complications?
HSV 1 50% Fever, headache, decreased consciousness, confusion, dysphasia
84
non-viral causes of encephalitis?
``` Neisseria meningitis listeria monocytogenes Scrup typhus Leptospirosis Melioidosis Malaria TB Borrelia Brucella ```
85
Before youve got samples back for encephalitis what do you start?
high dose aciclovir and antibiotics
86
What investigations are done into encephalitis?
``` Throat sample Stool sample CSF Neuroimaging EEG ```
87
What can develop immediately after infection by measles?
Post-infection encephalitis
88
What can develop 1-6 months after infection with measles? prognosis?
measles inclusion body encephalitis | Fatal
89
What can develop years after a measles infection? prognosis?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis | Fatal
90
Progressive multifocal encephalopathy occurs in the immunosuppressed due to what virus?
JC virus
91
Symptoms of a brain abscess?
``` Fatigue stupor Seizures Headache confusion ataxia sensory or motor impairments focal to the lesion Nausea Vomiting Papilloedema ```
92
3 different ways in which brain abscess' can develop?
Contiguous suppurative focus trauma haematogenous spread
93
What is an example of contiguous suppurative spread that causes a brain abscess?
Otitis media
94
Most common organisms that are involved in brain abscess development?
``` Staph aureus Strep - aerobic and anaerobic Bacteroides Prevotella Fusobacterium Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas ```
95
When treating a brain abscess blindly what 3 medications do you use?
Penicillin G and 3rd gen cephalosporin (ceftriaxone, cephalosporin) Metronidazole to cover anything penicillin resistant
96
After brain surgery or trauma what bacteria is suspected to cause a brain abscess? 2 medications that cover this?
Staphlococcus aureus | Vancomycin and nafcillin
97
If pseudomonas aeruginosa is suspected as a causative agent for brain abscess what 2 medications are used to treat?
cefepime or ceftazidime
98
If a HIV patient develops a brain abscess, what infection are you worried about?
Toxoplasmosis
99
What are prion diseases also known as?
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
100
Sporadic CJD symptoms? diagnosed how?
Ataxia, myoclonus, dementia | 14-3-3 protein in CSF
101
Familial form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy? inheritance pattern?
Familial TSE | Autosomal dominant
102
Variant CJD is also known as what? Presentation? 2 proteins in CSF?
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Psychiatric symptoms Proteins - 14-3-3 and Tau

Paediatrics (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions