Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What is etiology?
The science of cause or origin of a disease
What is epidemiology?
All elements contributing to the occurrence or non-occurrence of a disease in a population
What is pathogenesis?
The production or development of a disease
What is peracute?
Something that has happened within a few hours
What is acute?
Having signs within 12-24 hours
What is subacture?
Approximately one week in duration
What is morbidity?
The condition of being diseased
What is mortality?
The number if animals that will die from the disease
What is an epidemic?
A disease of high morbidity that is only occasionally present in a community
What is a endemic?
A disease low in morbidity that is constantly present in a community but clinically recognized in only a few
What is a pandemic?
A wide spread disease
What is another name for canine distemper?
Hard pad disease
What causes canine distemper?
Mobillivirus of the parymyxoviridae family
What species can be infected with canine distemper?
Dogs, foxes, wolf, ferrets, minks, skunks, raccoons, coatimundi, binturong, and harbor seals
Can canine distemper virus be killed by cleaning?
Yes, it can be killed by routine disinfection of the environment
How is canine distemper spread?
Through aerosol contact, mainly through coughing and sneezing from infected animals
How soon after infection can canine distemper occur?
Immediately after infection
What can result for an animal who survives canine distemper?
Chronic encephalitis with neuro disease
What are the clinical signs of canine distemper?
- Mild to severe eye and nose discharge
- Dry cough that becomes moist and can eventually lead to pneumonia
- Depression, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea
- Neurological signs including seizures
What blood disease may be apparent in an animal with canine distemper?
Lymphopenia
How can an animal with canine distemper be treated?
With supportive care at best
What is the scientific name for kennel cough?
Canine infectious respiratory disease or CIRD
What is the most common agents of kennel cough?
- Canine parainfluenza virus
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
How is kennel cough spread?
Through coughing and sneezing, and the incubation period is typically 3-10 days after exposure
Which agent of kennel cough typically causes secondary infection?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
What are the clinical signs of kennel cough?
- Sudden coughing often associated with retching
- Coughing facilitated by tracheal manipulation
- Fever or discharge may be associated with more severe syndrome
What may show up on a CBC of an animal with kennel cough?
Stress leukogram or lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis, and neutrophilia
How is kennel cough treated?
Antibiotics to prevent secondary infection and decrease duration of cough, antitussive and glucocorticoids
What is the most common cause of DNA virus canine parvoviral enteritis?
CPV-2 which includes substrains 2a, 2b and 2c
Which strand of canine parvo is the most problematic in North America?
2b
Is canine parvo a common virus?
Yes it is extremely hardy and environmentally resistant and therefore one of the most common infectious diseases of dogs
What cleaner can be used to kill parvo?
Bleach at a dilution of 1:30
What breeds are most susceptible to parvo?
Rottweilers, dobermans, labs, pitbulls, sheperds and sled dogs
How is parvo spread?
Through stool and feces that is sniffed or licked, veremia then occurs though the blood
What blood abnormalities might be seen on an animal with parvo?
Neutropenia and lymphopenia
When does excretion of parvo occur?
Begins at 3-4 days after infection with a maximum of 7-10 days
What are the 2 different parvo syndromes?
- Enteritis with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dehydration and fever
- Cardiac affecting animals <8 weeks of age, resulting in sudden death or congestive heart failure later in life
What is the therapy for animals with parvo?
- Supportive at best
- Antiemetic therapy
- Antibiotics to prevent sepsis
- Synthetic colloids +/- natural colloid plasma transfusions
- Parenteral nutrition
What is another name of fading puppy syndrom?
Canine parvo CPV-1, which affects puppies 5-21 days old
What is coronoviral enteritis?
Similar to CPV-2, but no bloody stool or leukopenia, its usually mildley infectious
What is the scientific name for blue eye?
Infectious canine hepatitis or canine adenovirus type 1
How long can blue eye survive outside a host?
For weeks or months, but can be killed with bleach
How is blue eye transmitted?
Through contact with infected urine, feces or saliva which is then ingested
Why is blue eye infectious to dogs?
Because once it is ingested, it moves to tonsilar crypts and peyer’s patches where veremia then occurs allowing the virus to travel to the liver, kidneys spleen and lungs
What are the clinical signs of blue eye?
- Vary; can be slight fever or even death
- Fever greater than 104 F
- Leukopenia
- Increased clotting time
- Hyperemia aka red MM
- Petechiae of the oral mucosa
How can blue eye be treated?
Supportive care, possibly blood transfusions, broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary infection
What are the most common strains of lepto affecting dogs and what are their natural hosts?
- Canicola - dogs
- Icterohaemorrhagia - rats
- Pomona - pigs, cattle, skunks, or opossums
- Grippotyphyosa - raccoons, skunks, or opossums
What is the incubation period for lepto?
4-12 days and it frequently localizes in the kidney or reproductive organs
What are the clinical signs of lepto?
- Vasculitis or inflammation of the blood vessels
- Thrombocytopenia
- Coagulopathy
- Uremia
- Superchem abnormalities
How can lepto be treated?
If caught early, can be treated with Doxycycline, tetracycline, penicillin or fluoroquinolones
What causes canine influenza?
Influenzavirus A and orthomyxoviridae
What are the two subtypes of dog flu?
- Hemagglutinin - 18 variants that bind the virus to the cell it’s infecting
- Neuraminidase - 11 variants that enable the virus to be released from the host cell
What are the two different strands of dog flu?
H3N8 and H3N2
Which strand recently jumped from horses to dogs?
H3N8
Which virus has a direct transfer from avian influenza to dogs?
H3N2 and can also cause respiratory disease in cats
Which strand is typically seen in North America?
H3N8
Which breed is most severely affected by dog flu?
Greyhounds who will show clinical signs such as high fever, increased respiratory rate, and pneumonia
How is dog flu treated?
Broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary infection and supportive care
What causes the rabies virus?
Lyssaviruses in the Rhabdiviridae family; it is a RNA virus
What are the North American reservoirs of rabies?
- Bat
- Racoon
- Skunk
- Fox
- Coyote
What is the typical incubation period for rabies in dogs?
3-24 weeks with 3-8 being the average
What is the typical incubation period for rabies in cats?
2-24 weeks with 4-6 being the average
How does the body respond to rabies?
The virus spreads via peripheral nerves with rapid bilateral progression once it reaches the spinal cord, then spreads via all segments of the nervous system and most importantly through cranial nerves to the salivary glands
When does rabies virus shedding typically occur?
Prior to neurological signs:
- 1-5 days for dogs
- 1-3 days for cats
What are the two forms of rabies?
- Furious or psychotic form
- Paralytic or dumb form
Which form or rabies do cats typically develop?
The furious or psychotic phase, then if the patient survives, can develop to the paralytic form
What are the three phases of rabies most commonly seen in dogs?
- Prodromal phase - 1-3 days
- Psychotic phase - 1-7 days
- Paralytic phase - 2-4 days
Which animals in NY state must be vaccinated for rabies by law?
Cats, dogs and ferrets
What are the most common feline diseases?
- Panleukopenia aka FPV aka feline distemper
- Corona virus aka FIP
- Immunodeficiency virus aka FIV
- Upper respiratory tract infection
- Leukemia virus aka FeLV
What are the most common canine diseases?
- Distemper aka hard pad disease
- Infectious respiratory disease aka kennel cough
- Parvoviral enteritis
- Coronoviral enteritis
- Infectious canine hepatitis aka blue eye
- Leptospirosis
- Influenza
What causes feline distemper?
A single stranded DNA parvo virus
What breeds can get feline distemper?
Both domestic and large breed cats as well as the coatimundi, ferret, kinkajou, mink and raccoon
At what age do cats typically get feline distemper?
Virtually all cats are exposed and infected within the first year of life
How is feline distemper transmitted?
Through contact with infected secretions, and transmission can occur in utero
What are some side effects of feline distemper in utero?
Abortion, early fetal death and infertility
What organs does feline distemper affect?
Lymphoid tissue, bone marrow and intestinal crypts
Which canine virus does feline distemper resemble?
CPV-2
What are the clinical signs of feline distemper?
- High fever, anorexia, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration
- SIRS, secondary infection and DIC
- Neurological signs
What is feline distemper commonly referred to as with kittens?
Fading kitten syndrom
What bacterial infection can mimic the signs of FPV?
Salmonellosis, which can be transmitted to humans, FPV however can not
How is FPV treated?
Similarly to canine parvo
What causes feline corona virus infection?
2 different biotypes:
- FECV
- FIPV
How is feline corona transmitted?
- Through direct ingestion of saliva or feces
- Possibly through inhalation through coughing and sneezing
- Transplacental infection can occur
Which immunoglobulin is the most important in prevention feline corona?
IgA
What are the clinical findings of FiP?
- Enteritis, rarely it can also cause colitis
-
How does FiP infect the body?
Through complement fixation resulting in neutrophil influx to an infected area, the virus then enters the neutrophils causing dissemination to other organs; it can also affect reproductive organs of breeding females
What are the two forms of FiP?
- Effusive or wet
- Non-effusive or dry
Which form of FiP has a quicker onset before any clinical signs are noted?
Non-effusive form
What is feline immunodeficiency virus?
A retrovirus of lentivirus subfamily
How is FiV spread?
Primarily thought saliva or blood and latent infection can occur in FiV negative cats
How does FiV affect the body?
- Numerous defects in the immune system
- Neurological inflammation
What are the three phases of FiV?
- Acute phase
- Asymptomatic phase
- Terminal phase
What causes feline upper respiratory tract infection?
- FVR
- FCV
- FHV-1
How is feline upper respiratory tract infection spread?
Cat to cat contact or with infectious secretions, the virus has limited ability to survive outside of host cat
How does feline upper respiratory tract infection affect the body?
Viral replication causes damage to nasal turbinates as well as possibly pneumonia, it can also affect joints causing synovitis
What are some clinical signs of feline upper respiratory virus?
- Oral sores due to the calicivirus
- Dendritic keratitis due to herpes
How can feline upper respiratory tract infection be treated?
- Antibiotics
- Nasal dicongestants
- Tetracyclines
What causes feline leukemia virus?
Oncornavirus subfamily of retroviruses
How is FeLV transmitted?
Primarily though saliva in bite wounds
What are the different immune system responses to FeLV?
- Effective immune response
- Ineffective immune response
What are the different ineffective immune responses to FeLV?
- Latent infection - fights infection until immune system is stressed
- Immune carrier - body will defeat the virus but remain a carrier
- Persistently viremic - animal will die from virus
What are the clinical signs of FeLV?
- Lymphoma/leukemia
- Bone marrow suppression
- Immune complex disease
- Reproductive disorders
How is FeLV treated?
Symptomatically as no real treatment has been effective
