Blood Collection, FeLV & Heartworm Disease Flashcards
how do anticoagulants work?
by binding calcium, which is clotting factor #4
what is plasma?
contains fibrinogen
how does a tiger top tube prevent clotting?
the polymer gel prevents glucose from breaking down and lysing cells as they die
what is serum?
does not contain fibrinogen, the clotting factor remains with the blood cells usually down in the bottom of the tube
what anti-coagulant is found in gray top tubes?
sodium fluoride and glycolytic inhibitor, it stops the breakdown of glucose
what anti-coagulant is found in green top tubes?
herapin, best for cbc on birds, reptiles and fish
what anti-coagulant is found in blue top tubes?
buffered sodium citrate, which will delay clotting
what anti-coagulant is found in yellow top tubes?
acid citrate dextrose, which is used for RH factors and blood groupings
which animals have nucleated RBC’s?
reptiles, birds, and fish
why would it be best to use a red top tube to test therapeutic drug levels?
because the drugs in the patient’s system may adhere to the get in a tiger top tube and skew test results
what is the maximum collection amount for an animal’s blood draw?
25% of animal’s body weight or blood volume
what does a red/pink color of plasma/serum indicate?
hemolysis
what does a yellow color of plasma/serum indicate?
icterus; excessive bilirubin in the blood
what does a white tint to plasma/serum indicate?
lipids in the blood, typical of schnauzers or animals who have eaten within the last 24 hours
for an anemic patient, how should the peripheral blood smear be performed?
the angle should be increased between the slide
for hemoconcentrated blood samples, how should a peripheral blood smear be performed?
the angle between slides should be decreased
felv is a retrovirus, meaning what?
viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription
what is horizontal transmission?
a virus transmitted through the same generation, usually through saliva to blood contact via a bite wound
what is vertical transmission?
virus passed on from mother to offspring
what are the four possible outcomes of felv infection?
effective immune response, persistent viremia, latent infection, or immune carrier response
what is an effective immune response?
the animal will clear the virus on their on, about 40% of cats infected with felv will achieve this
what is a persistent viremia response to felv?
where the virus remains in their circulatory system and saliva for longer than 3 or 4 months; persistently infected cats continue to shed the virus and are infective to other cats; they usually will die from associated illnesses within roughly 3 years, if not sooner
what is latent infection to felv?
the body fights off the infection enough to suppress it, but once the body is stressed and the immune system is compromised, the infection may return enough to kill the cat
what is an immune carrier response to felv?
when the body defeats the virus but the virus remains and can still be transmitted to other felines
what does the virus structure of felv contain?
the core (nucleus) and the capsule
what does the virus core contain?
the genetic material of the virus, core protein p27 which is what make the virus replicate
what does the virus’ capsule contain?
glycoprotein gp70, which is what is recognized as foreign by the body; and protein envelope p15e, which is the immunosuppressive agent of the virus
what is immunohistochemical staining?
staining an immune compound to make it more visisble
what can be used as an antigen detection?
immunohistochemical staining, solid-phase immuno assays, ELISA tests, qualitative test, or quantitative test
what is a solid-phase immuno assay?
can be sandwich assay, indirect assay, or competitive assay
what is a sandwich assay?
direct antigen test, or a snap test
what is a indirect assay?
tests for antibodies, there for it indirectly finds antigens
what is a competitive assay?
it tests for chemicals/drugs in the body
what is an ELISA test?
enzyme linked immuno sorbant assay; same as a solid-phase immuno assay
what is a qualitative test?
only says whether a test is positive or negative
what is a quantitative test?
says how positive or negative a test is
what is the scientific name for heartworm?
Dirofilaria immitis
what are some clinical signs of heartworm in dogs?
starts at mild disease with cough, then at moderate it can include, cough, exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds; with severe disease it will include all of the above plus dyspnea, hepatomegaly, syncope, ascites, abnormal heart sounds, and death
what are the acute clinical signs of heartworm in cats?
collapse, dyspnea, convulsions, diarrhea, vomiting, blindness, tachycardia, syncope, sudden death
what are the chronic clinical signs of heartworm in cats?
coughing, vomiting, dyspnea, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and chylothorax
what is involved in testing for microfilaria?
direct blood smear, buffy coat examination, filter test, modified knott’s test, and distinguishing between heartworm and Acanthocheilonema reconditum
what are Acanthocheilonema reconditum?
similar to microfilariae, usually few in the blood, non pathogenic, progressive motion, curved body, blunt hear, curved or hooked tail
what is sensitivity and specificity?
how affective a test is in providing a true positive and a true negative
where do adult male and female heartworms live?
normally in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle
at what stage are heartworm larva considered infective?
L3, when they can be deposited on the skin of an animal and enter the body through the bite wound of the carrier mosquito
