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Pathology > Infectious Disease pt. 2 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria Pathogens
(7)

A

• Transient bacterial infections
• Localized infections
• Systemic infections
• Extracellular pathogens
• Intracellular pathogens
• Toxins
• Grow on media

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2
Q

Tuberculosis
(4)

A

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Pulmonary infection most common
• Intracellular pathogen
• Granulomatous disease

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3
Q

Tuberculosis
• — of world population infected

A

One-third

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4
Q

Tuberculosis
Leading infectious cause of death after —

A

AIDS

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5
Q

Tuberculosis
• Disadvantaged populations
(3)

A

– Homeless
– Malnourished
– Overcrowded

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6
Q

• Active tuberculosis cases increasing
(2)

A

– HIV infection
– Immigration

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7
Q

Infection -

A

growth of the organism in a
patient

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8
Q

Active disease -

A

destructive,
symptomatic disease

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9
Q

Transmission of Tuberculosis
(3)

A

• Droplet nuclei (1 - 5 microns)
• Stay airborne for long periods of time
• Reach the pulmonary alveol

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10
Q

Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
(6)

A

• Previously unexposed (unsensitized) person
• Gohn complex (parenchymal lung lesion and hilar nodal lesion)
• Cell-mediated immunity controls infection
• Fibrosis and calcification
• Viable organisms dormant in lesions (latent disease)
• May reactivate if immune defenses lowered

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11
Q

Secondary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
(2)

A

• Reactivation of dormant primary lesions in a
previously sensitized host
• Cavitation leads to erosion into airway and
production of contaminated sputum

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12
Q

Tuberculosis
Diagnosis
(3)

A

• Chest radiograph
• Sputum culture
• Molecular biologic tools

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13
Q

Tuberculosis
Treatment
• Multi-drug regimens
(6)

A

– Isoniazid
– Rifampin
– Ethambutol
– Streptomycin
– Pyrazinimide
– Rifabutin

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14
Q

Symptoms of Active
Tuberculosis
(5)

A

• Chronic cough
• Hemoptysis
• Weight loss
• Night sweats
• Fever

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15
Q

Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test:
PPD Test
(4)

A

• Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction to
protein from M. tuberculosis
• Intracutaneous tuberculin injection
• T-cells sensitized by prior infection recruited
to area
• Produces an area of induration

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16
Q

Positive Tuberculin Skin Test:
(3)

A

• Individual has been infected
• Cell-mediated hypersensitivity exists
• Does not indicate active disease

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17
Q

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
Vaccination
(4)

A

• Live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
• Causes positive PPD reaction
• Effectiveness uncertain
• Not used in United States

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18
Q

Scrofula
(4)

A

• Tuberculous lymphadenitis of neck
• Mycobacterium bovis infection from infected milk
• Pasteurization of milk
• Tuberculosis control for cattle

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19
Q

SYPHILLIS
(4)

A

• Treponema pallidum
• Sexually-transmitted systemic disease
• Sequential clinical stages
• Years of latency

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20
Q

2 FORMS OF SYPHILLIS

A

• Acquired syphilis -
sexual transmission
• Congenital syphilis - in
utero transmission

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21
Q

Clinical Stages of Untreated Acquired
Syphilis
(3)

A

• Primary - 1 week to 3 months
• Secondary - 1 to 12 months
• Tertiary (Late) - 1 to 30 years

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22
Q

Lesions of Secondary Syphilis
(3)

A

• Skin rash
• Mucous patch
• Condyloma lata

23
Q

Tertiary Syphilis
(5)

A

• Most destructive stage
• Gumma
• Syphilitic glossitis
• Nervous system –neurosyphilis
– Tabes dorsalis
• Cardiovascular system
– Aneurysm of ascending aorta

24
Q

Stage: Primary
Lesion:
Infectious:

A

Chancre
yes

25
Q

Stage: Secondary
Lesion:
Infectious:

A

Mucous Patch
yes

26
Q

Stage: Tertiary
Lesion:
Infectious:

A

Gumma
no

27
Q

Lesion of Congenital Syphilis
(5)

A

• Snuffles
• Saddle nose
• Rhagades
• Hutchinson’s incisors
• Mulberry molars

28
Q

Congenital Syphilis - Depressed Nasal
Bridge “—”

A

Saddle Nose

29
Q

Dental Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis
(2)

A

• Hutchinson’s
incisors
• Mulberry molars

30
Q

Hutchinson’s Triad of
Congenital Syphilis

A
  1. Blind - intersitital keratitis
  2. Deaf
  3. Dental anomalies
31
Q

Laboratory Tests for Syphilis
• Culture –
• Microscopy –

A

cannot culture
dark field or fluorescence microscopy

32
Q

Serologic tests for Syphilis:
• Non -Treponemal Tests - reagin - antibody to cardiolipin
(2)

A

– VDRL –Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
– RPR –Rapid Plasma Reagin

33
Q

Serologic tests for Syphilis:
• Treponemal Tests –specific for T. pallidum
(2)

A

– FTA-ABS –Fluorescent Treponemal Antigen Absorption
– MHA-TP –Microhemagglutinin –Treponema pallidum

34
Q

Diseases Caused by Fungi
• Superficial

A
  • skin, hair, nails
    – Dermatophytes
35
Q

Diseases Caused by Fungi
• Subcutaneous

A
  • dermis and subcutaneous tissue
    – Sporotricosis
36
Q

Diseases Caused by Fungi
• Systemic

A
  • deep infections of internal organs
    – Histoplasmosis
37
Q

Diseases Caused by Fungi
• Opportunistic

A

–immunocompromised host
– Candidiasis

38
Q

Histoplasmosis
• Endemic to
• Transmission by
• — infection usual
• —like syndrome

A

Mississippi River Valley
inhalation of spores
– Bird droppings, dust particles
Sub-clinical
Flu

39
Q

Mississippi Valley Fever

A

Histoplasmosis

40
Q

Histoplasmosis - Deep Fungal Infection of
the Lungs
(5)

A

• Inhalation of spores
• Phagocytosis
• Specific immunity
• Killing of organism
• Dystrophic calcification

41
Q

Histoplasma Capsulatum
(2)

A

• Dimorphic fungus - yeast at body temperature, mold in nature
• 80% - 90% population infected

42
Q

Most common systemic fungal infection in USA

A

Histoplasma Capsulatum

43
Q

Disseminated Histoplasmosis
(4)

A

• Elderly,
debilitated,
immunosupressed
, AIDS
• Spreads to extra-
pulmonary sites
• Adrenal lesions -
Addison’sdisease
• Oral lesions

44
Q

Coccidioidomycosis (3)

A

• Deep fungal infection of the lungs
• 40% develop respiratory symptoms
• Disseminated disease may occur

45
Q

Sarcoidosis
(4)

A

• Multi-system granulomatousdisorder
• Unknown cause
• Young adults
• African-Americans - 10:1

46
Q

Sarcoidosis
• Common findings
(2)

A

– Hilar lymphadenopathy
– Skin and eye lesions

47
Q

Hilar Lymphadenopathy in Sarcoidosis

A

Non-caseating granulomas

48
Q

Sarcoidosis is a Diagnosis of Exclusion
(5)

A

• Clinical
• Radiographic
• Laboratory –elevated Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (sACE), serum Calcium
• Biopsy
– Bronchoscopic biopsy
– Salivary gland biopsy
• Histopathologic –non-caseating granulomas
– Special stains negative
– Cultures negative

49
Q

Sarcoidosis –Non-Caseating Granulomas
(2)

A

Asteroid Bodies
Schaumann Bodies

50
Q

Oral Lesions of Sarcoidosis
(2)

A

• Uncommon
• A non-specific
submucosal
papule affecting
any site

51
Q

Salivary Gland Involvement in Sarcoidosis
(3)

A

• Parotid enlargement
• Xerostomia
• Facial nerve weakness

52
Q

Treatment of Sarcoidosis
• Mild disease –
• Severe disease –

A

observation, no treatment, may resolve spontaneously
systemic corticosteroids

53
Q

Clinical Forms of Oral Candidiasis
(5)

A

• Pseudomembraneous (Thrush)
• Erythematous (Atrophic)
• Hyperplastic
• Angular Cheilitis (Perleche)
• Central Papillary Atrophy

Pathology (23 decks)

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