Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Hemo 1 > Flashcards

Hemo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytosis -

A

an increase in total circulating white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neutrophilia (granulocytosis) -

A

bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lymphocytosis -

A

viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eosinophilia -

A

parasitic infections, allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Leukemoid reaction -

A

an elevated white blood cell count that is a physiologic response to
stress or infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Leukopenia –

A

a decrease in total circulating white blood cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neutropenia –

A

antineoplastic therapy, drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphopenia –

A

steroid therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pancytopenia –

A

all cell lines affected – anemia, thrombocytopenia,
neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The terms agranulocytosis, (2) are
often used interchangeably

A

granulocytopenia and neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal adult peripheral white blood cell count

A

4,500 – 11,000 /mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinically relevant neutropenia –

A

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) < 500 /mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neutropenia
Susceptibility to

A

bacterial and fungal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of Neutropenia
 Decreased production
(4)

A

 Drugs
 Hematologic disease – cyclic neutropenia
 Nutritional deficiency – B12, Folate
 Myelophthisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of Neutropenia
Increased destruction -

A

autoimmune reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In severe neutropenia the signs of — may be absent

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WBC count

A

1,600 cells/ul (4,000 – 11,000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Differential white blood cell count
 Polys

A

4 % (45 – 78 %)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Differential white blood cell count
Lymphocytes

A

69 % (15 – 47 %)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Differential white blood cell count
Monocytes

A

27 % ( 0 - 12 %)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Differential white blood cell count
Eosinophils

A

0 % ( 0 – 7 %)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Differential white blood cell count
Basophils

A

0 % ( 0 – 2 %)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Absolute neutrophil count =

A

1,600 wbc/ul X 0.04 = 64 neutrophils/ul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cyclic Neutropenia

A

 Regular, periodic reductions in neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cyclic Neutropenia
 Symptoms greatest at nadir

A

– fever,
lymphadenopathy, malaise, pharyngitis,
ulcerations, periodontitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cyclic Neutropenia
 Treatment -

A

supportive care, cytokine
therapy (G-CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Leukemias -

A

the neoplastic cells are in the bone
marrow and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lymphomas -

A

the neoplastic cells are in the
lymph nodes – (also extranodal sites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Leukemia and Lymphoma describe the

A

tissue distribution of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Leukemia
Arises in
Spreads to

A

bone marrow
peripheral blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lymphoma
Arises in
Forms a
May eventually spread to

A

peripheral lymphoid tissue, usually in lymph nodes
discrete tissue mass
peripheral blood and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acute Leukemia
(4)

A

Abrupt, stormy onset
No maturation - precursor cells (blasts)
proliferate
Kills rapidly without treatment
Cure is possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chronic Leukemia
(4)

A

Insidious course
Maturation - mature cells proliferate
Often not treated unless symptomatic
Cannot be cured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Classification of Leukemias by Cell of
Origin and Clinical Course
(4)

A

 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cytopenias -

A

depression of normal bone marrow function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bleeding –

A

petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis, gingival
hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fever -

A

infections due to absence of mature granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fatigue -

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Clinical Symptoms of Acute Leukemia
(4)

A

Cytopenias - depression of normal bone marrow function
Bleeding – petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis, gingival
hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia
Fever - infections due to absence of mature granulocytes
Fatigue - anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
(3)

A

Lymphoblasts - immature precursor B or T lymphocytes
arrested at early stage of development
A disease of children
Good prognosis with aggressive chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia
(4)

A

Myeloblasts – immature myeloid precursors (granulocytic,
monocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic) with no terminal
myeloid differentiation
Adults
Prognosis – chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation.
More difficult to treat than ALL.
Gingival enlargement in monocytic types of AML

42
Q

Clinical Symptoms of Chronic Leukemia
(2)

A

Often clinically silent
Incidental leukocytosis on CBC

43
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
(6)

A

Adults
Insidious onset, slow progression
Philadelphia chromosome – t(9:22) bcr-abl fusion gene
Splenomegaly, fever, fatigue
Blast crisis
Bone marrow transplantation

44
Q

Philadelphia Chromosome
(6)

A

 Translocation t(9:22)
 Proto-oncogene abl on long arm chromosome
9(q34)
 Transposed to bcr region (breakpoint cluster
region) on chromosome 22(q11)
 Results in bcr-abl fusion gene
 Gene product is abnormal
bcr-abl tyrosine kinase
 Induces cell proliferation

45
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
(6)

A

Most common type of leukemia
Adults, often asymptomatic
Hypogammaglobulinemia – infections
Anti red cell autoantibodies – autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Anti platelet autoantibodies – autoimmune thrombocytopenia
Richter syndrome – may transform to high grade lymphoma

46
Q

Clinical Presentation of Lymphoid Neoplasms:
Related to Anatomic Distribution
Lymphoma -

A

non-tender lymph node enlargement,
extra-nodal mass

47
Q

Clinical Presentation of Lymphoid Neoplasms:
Related to Anatomic Distribution
Leukemia -

A

cytopenias due to suppression of
hematopoiesis

48
Q

Clinical Presentation of Lymphoid Neoplasms:
Related to Anatomic Distribution
Plasma cell neoplasms -

A

bone pain, pathologic fracture

49
Q

Lymphoma Classification:
“Malignant” Lymphoma
(2)

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma – HL
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - NHL

50
Q

Clinical Presentation of NHL
(3)

A

 Painless lymphadenopathy with firm,
enlarged, rubbery, freely movable,
non-tender lymph nodes
 Generally involves multiple lymph
nodes in a non-contiguous pattern
 Frequently involves extranodal sites

51
Q

Most NHL arises within
lymph nodes –

52
Q

NHL may also arise extra-
nodally –

53
Q

Oral mucosal NHL is

A

extra-
nodal

54
Q

All Lymphomas are Malignant
Degree of — varies
Low grade -
High grade -

A

aggressiveness
indolent, difficult to cure
aggressive, often curable

55
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma – High Grade
(3)

A

“African Jaw Lymphoma”
B-Cell NHL
EBV association

56
Q

MALT Lymphoma – Low Grade
(4)

A

Arises from Mucosal-
Associated Lymphoid Tissue
“MALT-oma” - mature B cells
Often indolent
Salivary glands, Sjogren
Syndrome
May transform to high grade
lymphoma

57
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma
(3)

A

A sub-type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
A high grade B cell neoplasm, most rapidly-growing
human neoplasm
The endemic form has a predilection for jaws of children

58
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma
Three clinical forms

A

Endemic (African)
Sporadic
HIV-associated

59
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma
– association

A

Epstein Barr Virus

60
Q

Association of Epstein-Barr Virus
(HHV-4 ) with Human Disease
(4)

A
  1. Infectious Mononucleosis
  2. Lymphomas – NHL and HL
    e.g. Burkitt lymphoma (NHL)
  3. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
  4. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
61
Q

Cytogenetics of
Burkitt Lymphoma
(4)

A

 Translocations, t(8:14) is the most
common
 c-myc proto-oncogene on
chromosome 8 has a role in cell
cycle progression
 Immunoglobulin gene promoters
cause overexpression of c-myc
 Overexpression of c-myc oncogene
promotes inappropriate cellular
proliferation

62
Q

Oral Findings in Burkitt Lymphoma
(2)

A

Rapidly growing painless
swelling, producing
paresthesia, loose teeth
Rapid demise if untreated

63
Q

Chemotherapy in Burkitt Lymphoma
(2)

A

High grade lymphoma - aggressive
Cures frequent with short-term, high-dose
chemotherapy

64
Q

Three Examples of
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
(3)

A

Burkitt Lymphoma
Diffuse large cell lymphoma
MALT-oma

65
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)
The neoplastic cell:

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

66
Q

The Reed-Sternberg Cell:
Neoplastic Cell in Hodgkin Lymphoma
(3)

A

A minor fraction of the
tumor mass
Most are of B cell origin
Bilobate nucleus with large
inclusion-like nucleoli -
“owl-eye” cell

67
Q

General Characteristics of
Hodgkin Lymphoma
(4)

A

Bimodal age distribution - young adults, older adults
Painless lymphadenopathy
Constitutional symptoms variable
Association with Epstein Barr virus

68
Q

Constitutional symptoms variable
(4)

A

Fever – Pel-Ebstein fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Generalized pruritus

69
Q

Spread of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

 Uniform, predictable pattern of spread from one lymph node region to the next

70
Q

Staging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Characterizes extent of disease
* Stage I

A

– Single lymph node region

71
Q

Staging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Characterizes extent of disease
* Stage II
(2)

A

– Multiple lymph node regions
– Same side of diaphram

72
Q

Staging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Characterizes extent of disease
* Stage III
(2)

A

– Multiple lymph node regions
– Both sides of diaphragm

73
Q

Staging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Characterizes extent of disease
Stage IV

A

– Disseminated disease

74
Q

“B” Symptoms for Staging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
(3)

A

Recurrent, unexplained fevers
Night sweats
Unintended weight loss

75
Q

Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Low-grade lymphomas -

A

treat only if symptomatic

76
Q

Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
High-grade lymphomas
(2)

A

Localized stage - RT
Advanced stage – CT or combination CT/RT

77
Q

Staging of Hodgkin Lymphoma –
Characterizes the Extent of Disease
 Stage I -

A

single lymph node region

78
Q

Staging of Hodgkin Lymphoma –
Characterizes the Extent of Disease
 Stage II -

A

multiple lymph node regions on same side of diaphragm

79
Q

Staging of Hodgkin Lymphoma –
Characterizes the Extent of Disease
 Stage III -

A

multiple lymph node regions on both sides of diaphragm

80
Q

Staging of Hodgkin Lymphoma –
Characterizes the Extent of Disease
 Stage IV -

A

disseminated disease

81
Q

Treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma
(4)

A

Stage determines treatment protocol
Localized (Stage I) - local radiation therapy
Disseminated (Stage IV) – chemotherapy
Risk of second cancers

82
Q

Prognosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma
(3)

A

Stage - most important
Histologic sub-type - least important
Curable - Stage I – 90% cure rate

83
Q

Multiple Myeloma
(4)

A

Older adults
Disseminated neoplasm of terminally-differentiated B
lymphocytes (plasma cells)
Multifocal lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, bone pain
Myelophthisic anemia, predisposition to infections

84
Q

Complications:
Multiple Myeloma
(3)

A

Renal failure
Infection
Anemia

85
Q

Laboratory Findings:
Multiple Myeloma
(7)

A

Elevated serum calcium, protein, immunoglobulins
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Rouleaux formation
Monoclonal gammopathy - M-spike
Bence-Jones proteinuria - immunoglobulin light chains
Lytic lesions, loose teeth, pain, paresthesia,
pathologic fracture
Macroglossia - amyloidosis

85
Q

Bleeding Time Test
Bleeding Time Test
(4)

A

 Clinical assessment for adequate number and function of platelets.
 The bleeding time test represents the time taken for a standardized skin puncture to stop
bleeding
 The normal range depends on the actual method used and varies from 2 to 9 minutes
 It is abnormal when there are congenital or acquired platelet defects

86
Q

 It is abnormal when there are congenital or acquired platelet defects
(2)

A

 Drugs – ASA, NSAIDS
 Von Willebrand Disease

87
Q

Platelet Disorders
(3)

A

Thrombocytopenia - decrease
Thrombocytosis - increase
Functional defects

88
Q

Platelet Functional Defects -
Thrombasthenia
 Aspirin -

A

inhibits aggregation for lifetime of platelet (8-10d) (irreversible)

89
Q

Platelet Functional Defects -
Thrombasthenia
 NSAIDs -

A

inhibits aggregation until drug eliminated (reversible)

90
Q

Platelet Functional Defects -
Thrombasthenia
 Von Willebrand Disease -

A

compound defect involving platelet function and
coagulation pathway
 Normal platelet count with increased bleeding time

91
Q

 Petechiae -

A

pinpoint hemorrhages

92
Q

 Purpura -

A

petechiae become confluent

93
Q

 Ecchymosis -

A

purpurae become confluent

94
Q

 Hematoma –

95
Q

Thrombocytopenia
Normal platelet count -
Thrombocytopenia -

A

150,000 to 450,000 /mm3
< 100,000 /mm3

96
Q

Causes of Thrombocytopenia
(4)

A

Decreased production - aplastic anemia
Increased destruction – immunologic destruction
Sequestration in spleen – splenomegaly
Dilution - massive transfusion

97
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenic
Purpura (ITP)
Autoimmune disease–
Treatment with (2)

A

antiplatelet autoantibodies
produce thrombocytopenia
steroids, splenectomy

98
Q

mmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
(ITP) Platelets =

A

7, 000 /ml

99
Q

Thrombocytosis
(Thrombocythemia)
Primary thrombocytosis (essential) - hematopoietic stem cell disorder
(1)

A

Increased numbers of megakaryocytes producing dysfunctional platelets

100
Q

Thrombocytosis
(Thrombocythemia)
Reactive thrombocytosis
(2)

A

Asplenia
Inflammatory disorders

Pathology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions