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Pathology > Cell Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

• Hypertrophy –

A

increase in the size of an
organ without an increase in cell number
(hyperplasia)

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2
Q

Pure hypertrophy usually occurs only in

2

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

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3
Q

Hyperplasia is the

A

increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells

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4
Q

Some hyperplasias are physiologic

3

A

– Erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
– Cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycle
– Regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory

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5
Q

Some hyperplasias are pathologic - (1)

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus

HPV

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6
Q

Hyperplasia may be combined with hypertrophy

2

A

– In an enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number
(hyperplasia) but also in size (hypertrophy)
– In benign prostatic enlargement, there is both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic glands and smooth
muscle

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7
Q

EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA: ex

A

Papilloma

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8
Q

ENDOTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA:

ex

A

Pyogenic Granuloma

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9
Q

FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA:

ex (2)

A

Fibroma

Epulis Fissuratum

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10
Q

EPITHELIAL & FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA:

ex

A

INFLAMMATORY PAPILLARY HYPERPLASIA

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11
Q

OSSEOUS HYPERPLASIA:

ex (2)

A

SUB-PONTIC OSSEOUS HYPERPLASIA

Exostoses

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12
Q 
GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT (HYPERPLASIA)
due to (2)
A

POOR ORAL HYGIENE AND DIABETES

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13
Q

DRUG-INDUCED GINGIVAL
ENLARGEMENT-
ex (3)

A

Procardia
Cyclosporin
Dilantin

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14
Q 
GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT (HYPERPLASIA)
(8)
A
  • Inflammatory hyperplasia
  • Drug-induced enlargement –Calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, dilantin
  • Leukemic infiltrates
  • Amyloid infiltration
  • Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
  • Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
  • Cowden syndrome
  • Wegener granulomatosis
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15
Q

CONDYLAR HYPERPLASIA

A

Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle

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16
Q

GYNECOMASTIA

A

HYPERPLASIA OF MALE BREAST

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17
Q

Atrophy is the

A

reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs

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18
Q

PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY

2

A
  • Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation

* Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia

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19
Q

PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY

2

A

• Atrophy of the uterus after
pregnancy
• Involution of the thymus in early
adult life

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20
Q

PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY MAY

RESULT FROM: (6)

A
  • Disuse
  • Denervation
  • Lack of trophic hormones
  • Ischemia - reduction in blood supply
  • Malnutrition
  • Idiopathic –Parry-Romberg syndrome
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21
Q

Metaplasia is the

A

replacement of one mature cell type by another one.

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22
Q

METAPLASIA

It generally represents a change to a “—” cell type

A

tougher

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23
Q

Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of

A

squamous metaplasia that occurs in smokers

24
Q

Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus is caused by

A

chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux

25
Q

Metaplasia is generally

A

reversible and the tissue reverts to its normal state after the irritant is removed

26
Q

If the irritant persists, metaplasia may progress to

A

dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia

27
Q

ADAPTIVE (4)

A 
Hyperplasia is an increase in 
cell numbers
• Hypertrophy is an increase in 
cell size
• Atrophy is the reduction in 
cell size
• Metaplasia is a change to a 
“tougher” cell type
28
Q

NON-ADAPTIVE (3)

A
  • Agenesis
  • Aplasia
  • Hypoplasia
29
Q

• Hypoplasia

A

is the incomplete development of
an organ
• The organ never reached its normal size

30
Q

Dysplasia literally means

A

abnormal formation

• The term is used in many contexts

31
Q

REVERSIBLE CHANGES

A

• Fatty Change - Liver

32
Q

IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES

2

A
  • Necrosis

* Apoptosis

33
Q

NUCLEAR CHANGES THAT SIGNAL

CELL DEATH IN NECROSIS (3)

A

pyknosis
karyohexis
karyolysis

34
Q

Pyknosis –

A

a small, dark

and shrunken nucleus

35
Q

Karyorrhexis –

A

nuclear

fragmentation

36
Q

Karyolysis –

A

dissolution

of the nucleus

37
Q

THE CYTOPLASM TELLS YOU
HOW CELLS HAVE DIED
(2)

A
  • Coagulation Necrosis

* Liquefaction Necrosis

38
Q

• Coagulative necrosis –

A

typically seen in hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct)

39
Q

• Liquefactive necrosis –

A

typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct

40
Q

• Caseous necrosis –

A

necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis)

41
Q

• Fat necrosis –

A

characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis

42
Q

Coagulative necrosis –

typically seen in

A

hypoxic injury

myocardial infarct

43
Q

Liquefactive necrosis –

typically seen in

A

bacterial infections and

cerebral infarct

44
Q

Caseous necrosis –
necrotic tissue is
converted into

A

a cheesy

mass (tuberculosis)

45
Q

Fat necrosis –
characteristically seen
in

A

acute pancreatitis

46
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

• Programmed cell death occurs through activation of an internal suicide program

47
Q

APOPTOSIS occurs with

A

CASPASES

48
Q

APOPTOSIS

Selectively eliminates

A

unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells

49
Q

APOPTOSIS

The plasma membrane remains intact, but its structure is altered so that

A

it becomes a target for phagocytosis

50
Q

APOPTOSIS

The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not

A

elicit an inflammatory reaction

51
Q

APOPTOSIS
Physiologic
(4)

A 
• Programmed destruction of cells 
during embryogenesis
• Hormone-dependent involution 
of tissues in the adult
• Deletion of potentially harmful 
self-reactive lymphocytes
• Cell death induced by cytotoxic 
T-cells (virally-infected or 
neoplastic cells)
52
Q

APOPTOSIS
Pathologic
(4)

A 
• If DNA repair mechanisms 
can’t cope with damage, the 
cells kills itself by apoptosis
• Cell death in certain viral 
infections (hepatitis)
• Pathologic atrophy in organs 
after obstruction
• Cell death in tumors
53
Q

Exogenous pigments

2

A

– Carbon - anthracosis

– Tattooing –skin and mucosal tattoos

54
Q 
Endogenous pigments
(4)
A

– Lipofuscin
– Melanin –formed in melanocytes
– Hemosiderin –hemoglobin-derived
– Bilirubin

55
Q

Pathologic calcification is the

A

abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue

56
Q

Dystrophic calcification occurs in

A

nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels

57
Q

Metastatic calcification occurs in

A

viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia

Pathology (23 decks)

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