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Pathology > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

• Organism that is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

• Virulence
–High -
–Low -

A

causes disease in a healthy population
causes disease only in susceptible populations

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3
Q

Opportunistic Infection
(3)

A

• Non-pathogenic organism
• Low virulence
• Immunocompromised host

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4
Q

Mutualism
(2)

A

• Interaction between two organisms
• Both organism benefits

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5
Q

Commensalism
(4)

A

• Interaction between two organisms
• One organism benefits
• Other is neither harmed nor helped
• C. albicans

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6
Q

skipped
Pathogens
ex (10)

A

• Prions
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Chlamydia
• Rickettsia
• Mycoplasma
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Helminths
• Ectoparasites

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7
Q

Viral Infection and Replication
sequence (5)

A

• Attach
• Penetrate
• Reproduce
• Assemble
• Release

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8
Q

• Transient infections
ex (1)

A

–Hepatitis A Virus

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9
Q

• Chronic latent infections
ex (1)

A

–Herpes Simplex Virus

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10
Q

• Chronic productive infections
ex (1)

A

–Hepatitis B Virus

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11
Q

• Transforming infections
ex (2)

A

–Epstein Barr Virus, Human Papilloma Virus

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12
Q

Human Herpes Virus (HHV)
(3)

A

• Humans are the natural
reservoir
• Latency
• Reactivation

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13
Q

HHV-1

A

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

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14
Q

HHV-2

A

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

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15
Q

HHV-3

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

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16
Q

HHV-4

A

Epstein Barr Virus

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17
Q

HHV-5

A

Cytomegalovirus

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18
Q

HHV-8

A

Kaposi Sarcoma associated virus

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19
Q

Transmission of HSV
(3)

A

• Contact with affected individual shedding
virus
• Symptomatic active lesions
• Asymptomatic viral shredding

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20
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
• Mostly — infections

A

oral

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21
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
• Mostly — infections

A

genital

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22
Q

Primary Infection With
Herpes Simplex Virus
(3)

A

• Initial exposure to virus in an individual
without immunity
• Generally occurs at young age after physical
contact with infected individual
• Mostly subclinical disease
–80% of US population has antibodies to HSV

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23
Q

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
(2)

A

• Flu-like illness with
fever, malaise,
arthralgia, headache
• Cervical
lymphadenopathy

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24
Q

What Is Recurrent Aphthous
Stomatitis?
(2)

A

• Focal mucosal
destruction
• T lymphocyte mediated
cytotoxic reaction

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25
Q

Evolution Of An Aphthous Ulcer
sequence (3)

A

erthematous macule
ulceration
fibrinous membrane

26
Q

Precipitating Factors for Recurrent
Aphthous Stomatitis
(7)

A

• Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)
• Stress
• Trauma
• Allergies
• Acidic foods / juices
• Gluten
• Endocrine alterations

27
Q

Minor Aphthae
(4)

A

• Recurrent disease
• Shallow, painful
ulcerations on non-
keratinized mucosa
• Solitary or multiple
lesions
• Heal in two weeks

28
Q

Major Aphthae
(3)

A

• Larger (> 0.5cm)
• Deeper - may heal with
scarring
• Heal slowly - weeks to
months

29
Q

Herpetiform Aphthae
(3)

A

• Crops of small, shallow,
painful ulcers
• Heal in two weeks
• Short remissions

30
Q

Herpetiform Aphthae
Resembles Recurrent Intra-oral Herpes Simplex
BUT
• Located on
• Does not begin as —

A

non-keratinized mucosa
vesicles

31
Q

Clinical Feature: Recurrent Herpes
• Vesicular Stage
• Number of Lesions
• Location

A

Yes
Multiple, Confluent
Masticatory mucosa

32
Q

Clinical Feature: Recurrent Aphthae
• Vesicular Stage
• Number of Lesions
• Location

A

No
Frequently solitary
Moveable mucosa

33
Q

Aphthous-like Lesions May Be
Associated With Systemic Disease (6)

A

• Behcet’sSyndrome
• Reiter’s Syndrome
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
– Ulcerative colitis
– Crohn’s Disease
• Malabsorption Syndromes
– Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy
• Cyclic Neutropenia
• HIV / AIDS

34
Q

Primary And Recurrent Infections
With Varicella Zoster Virus
• Primary Infection -
• Recurrent Infection -

A

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Zoster (Shingles)

35
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
• Transmission by

A

inspiration of infected droplets

36
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
• — disease in mostindividuals

A

Clinical
children

37
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
— symptoms

A

Constitutional

38
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Skin lesions begin on

A

face/trunk

39
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Vesicles in repeated —

40
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Heal without —

41
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
(2)

A

• Prodrome of pain,
paresthesia
• Unilateral dermatomal
involvement

42
Q

post-herpetic neuralgia

A

Herpetic Neuralgia pain
Chronic Pain

43
Q

Epstein Barr Virus
(5)

A

• Herpesvirus (HHV-4)
• Most adults EBV+
• Latency
• Tropism for B lymphocytes
• Infects epithelial cells of oral mucosa,
oropharynx and nasopharynx

44
Q

Association of Epstein-Barr Virus
(HHV-4 ) with Human Disease (4)

A
  1. Infectious Mononucleosis
  2. Lymphomas –NHL and HL
    e.g. Burkitt lymphoma (NHL)
  3. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
  4. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
45
Q

Clinical Features of Infectious
Mononucleosis• Debilitating EBV infection
(9)

A

• Self-limiting
• Young adults
• Salivary transmission
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Lymphadenopathy
• Fever
• Sore throat

46
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis
(3)

A

• Peripheral blood lymphocytosis
• Lymphocytes, not monocytes
• Atypical lymphocytes (Downey Cells)

47
Q

Laboratory Testing
Infectious Mononucleosis
(3)

A

• Heterophile antibody
• Monospot Test - detects heterophile antibody
• EBV-specific testing

48
Q

• Heterophile antibody
(3)

A

– IgM antibody - induced by EBV infection
– Binds to Paul-Bunnell antigen of sheep and bovine RBCs
– Non-specific antibody - not specific for EBV

49
Q

infectious Mononucleosis
Treatment
(2)

A

• Symptomatic
• Bed rest, prevent splenic rupture

50
Q

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
(3)

A

• Epithelial hyperplasia
associated with EBV
infection
• Lateral border of
tongue –common
location
• May occur in any
immunodeficiency
state

51
Q

Cytomegalovirus
(5)

A

• CMV (HHV –5 )
• Most of population affect by age 60
• Most CMV infections are asymptomatic

• Initial infection
• Latency
• Reactivation

52
Q

Acute Infection by
Cytomegalovirus
(3)

A

• Similar to infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
• Heterophile antibody negative
• Rarely acute sialadenitis with painful swelling
and xerostomia

53
Q

Cytomegalovirus Infections in
Immunocompromised Individuals
(2)

A

• Retinitis –
blindness
• Colitis

54
Q

Coxsackie Virus
• Coxsackievirus Group A
(2)

A

• Self-limited disease that occurs in
epidemics of flu-like symptoms in young
children
• Transmitted by fecal-oral and airborne
routes

55
Q

Herpangina
(3)

A

• Constitutional
symptoms
• Begins as small vesicles
that rupture and
ulcerate
• Posterior oral cavity
and oropharynx

56
Q

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease

A

• Vesicular eruption of
hands, feet and
anterior mouth

57
Q

Measles (Rubeola)
(4)

A

• Childhood infection
• Communicable disease
• Skin rash
• Measles, Mumps,
Rubella vaccine (MMR)
Immunization

58
Q

Measles (Rubeola)- Koplik Spots
(2)

A

• “Grains of salt” on an
erythematous base
• Foci of epithelial
necrosis

59
Q

Acute Viral Parotitis (Mumps) –
Endemic Parotitis
(3)

A

• Childhood infection
• Communicable disease
• Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccine (MMR)
Immunization

60
Q

Mumps
(3)

A

• 30% subclinical infection
• Prodromal constitutional symptoms
• Salivary gland swelling and discomfort

61
Q

Laboratory Findings in Mumps
(2)

A

• Elevated serum amylase
–Released from granules during lysis of acinar cells
• Specific serologic tests

62
Q

Complications of Mumps
(3)

A

• Complications rare in the young and more
common in older individuals
• Orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, meningitis,
thyroiditis, pancreatitis
• Sterility, hearing loss

Pathology (23 decks)

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