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Neuro > Infections of the nervous system > Flashcards

Infections of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation/infection of the meninges

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2
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation/infection of brain substance

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3
Q

What is myelitis?

A

Inflammation/infection of the spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the classical triad of meningitis presentation?

A

Fever
Neck stiffness
Altered mental status

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5
Q

What is meningism?

A

Neck stiffness
Photophobia
Nausea
Vomiting

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6
Q

What is a petechial skin rash?

A

Petechiae are tiny purple, red, or brown spots on the skin. They usually appear on your arms, legs, stomach, and buttocks
Won’t go pale if you press them; a normal rash would

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7
Q

What are some bacterial causes of meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haem influenzae

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8
Q

What are some viral causes of meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses

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9
Q

How may encephalitis present?

A

Flu-like prodrome
Progressive headache with associated fever
Progressive cerebral dysfunction including but not limited to confusion and memory disturbance
Seizures

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10
Q

What are the 2 important antibodies associated with auto-immune encephalitis?

A

Anti-voltage gated potassium channel (Anti-VGKC)

Anti-NMDA receptor

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11
Q

What would be some of the signs of auto-immune encephalitis associated with Anti-VGKC?

A

Frequent seizures
Amnesia
Altered mental state

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12
Q

What would be some of the signs of auto-immune encephalitis associated with Anti-NMDA receptor?

A

Flu like prodrome
Prominent psych features
Altered mental state
Seizures

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13
Q

What are some useful investigations for meningitis?

A

Blood cultures
Lumbar puncture
No need for imaging if LP is feasible

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14
Q

What are some useful investigations for encephalitis?

A

Blood cultures
CT/MRI
LP
EEG

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15
Q

What may contraindicate a lumbar puncture?

A

Focal symptoms suggesting a brain mass

Reduced conscious level suggesting raised ICP

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16
Q

How would CSF composition change in bacterial meningitis?

A

Increased opening pressure
High cell count (neutrophils)
Reduced glucose
High protein

17
Q

How would CSF composition change in viral meningitis and encephalitis?

A

Normal/increased opening pressure
High cell count (lymphocytes)
Normal glucose
Slightly increased protein

18
Q

What is the most common cause of encephalitis in Europe?

A

Herpes Simplex

19
Q

How is herpes simplex encephalitis diagnosed ?

A

PCR

CSF for viral DNA

20
Q

How is herpes simplex encephalitis treated?

A

Aciclovir

21
Q

Through which route are enteroviruses usually spread?

A

Faecal-oral

22
Q

What is a common cause of viral encephalitis in other parts of the world? (Significant if patient is well travelled)

A

Arbovirus encephalitides

23
Q

How are brain abscesses managed?

A

Surgical drainage if possible
Penicillin to cover streps
Meronidazole for anaerobes

24
Q

What is cryptococcal meningitis caused by?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

25
Q

Which bacteria causes Lyme Disease?

A

Borrelia burgoferi

26
Q

Which bacteria causes Syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

27
Q

Which bacteria causes leptospirosis?

A

Leptospira interrogans

28
Q

What are some useful tests in Lyme disease?

A

CSF lymphocytosis
PCR of CSF
MRI
EMG

29
Q

What is used to treat Lyme disease?

A

Prolonged antibiotic treatment
IV ceftriaxone
Oral doxycycline

30
Q

What are some viral causes of poliomyelitis?

A

Poliovirus types 1,2,3

All enteroviruses

31
Q

How is Rabies transmitted to humans?

A

By bite or salivary contamination of an open lesion

32
Q

Which bacteria causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

Neuro (29 decks)

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