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Neuro > How we see - Refraction, Accommodation, and Transduction > Flashcards

How we see - Refraction, Accommodation, and Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is refraction?

A

Bending of light when it passes from one optical medium to another

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2
Q

What provides nutrition to the retina?

A

Choroid

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3
Q

Which components of the eye are involved in bending light?

A

Cornea and lens

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4
Q

What is the difference between the cornea and lens in terms of refraction?

A

The “bending power” of the lens can be altered, unlike the cornea

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5
Q

How does the lens change shape?

A 
Ciliary muscle contracts
Ciliary body bulges
Space in the middle decreases
Suspensory ligaments become lax
Lens is no longer under stretch
Lens becomes thicker
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6
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sight caused by a long eye ball

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7
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sight

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8
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Non-spherical curvature of the cornea or lens

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9
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Long sight from old age

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10
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

Perfect sight

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11
Q

How does myopia present?

A

Headache
Not being able to see blackboards
Divergent squint in infants and preverbal children
Loss of interest in sport
More interest in things up close, like books

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12
Q

How is myopia managed?

A

Biconcave lenses

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13
Q

How does hyperopia present?

A

Eye strain after reading or using a computer

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14
Q

How is hyperopia managed?

A

Biconvex lenses

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15
Q

How does astigmatism present?

A

Different curvatures across different axes

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16
Q

How is astigmatism managed?

A

Cylindrical corrective lens (Toric)

17
Q

How does presbyopia come on?

A

Lens becomes less mobile/elastic with age

Seeing closer becomes more difficult

18
Q

How is presbyopia managed?

A

Biconvex lens

19
Q

What are the wavelengths for visible light?

A

400-800 nanometres

20
Q

What is the thinnest part of the retina?

21
Q

Which side of the visual field is seen by the right side of the brain?

A

Left, and vice versa

22
Q

Describe the outer segment of the transductive apparatus.

A

Stacks of lamellae have photoreceptors and form either rods or cones

23
Q

What happens to 11-cis retinal when light falls on it?

A

It isomerises to all-trans retinal

24
Q

What is rhodopsin (the visual pigment) made of?

A

Opsin and 11-cisRetinal

25
Q

What is rhodopsin derived from?

26
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

Night blindness

27
Q

How does vitamin A deficiency present?

A

Bitot’s spots (white patchy spots in conjunctivae)

Corneal ulceration

28
Q

How is vitamin A deficiency caused?

A

Malnutrition

Some malabsorption syndromes like coeliac’s disease

Neuro (29 decks)

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