Infections Flashcards
why are you more prone to infection if you have CKD
- immunosuppressed e.g. from transplant
- dialysis provides a route in for bacteria
what is the most common causative organism of UTIs
E.coil
what is cystitis
inflammation of the bladder - lower urinary tract infection
what symptoms are seen in cystitis
dysuria and an increased frequency to urinate
what is the treatment for cystitis
3 day course of trimethoprim
or can use nitrofurantoin
what is an uncomplicated UTI
an infection caused by a usual organism in a normal urinary tract which has normal functioning
what is a complicated UTI
where factors are present to predispose the patient to a UTI
how does the treatment differ for a complicated and uncomplicated UTI
complicated require a longer course of antibiotics (5-7 days)
what is asymptomatic bacteriuria
where there is bacteria present in the urine of elderly patient but is not causing damage
what is the treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria
no treatment - don’t want to give antibiotics as this increases the risk of resistance
what is pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney (upper urinary tract infection)
what are the symptoms of pyelonephritis
fever, loin pain, dysuria and increased frequency to urinate
what are the causes of pyelonephritis
can be from the blood in a systemic infection
can ascend from the lower tract
how is pyelonephritis treated
co-amoxiclav
why is nitrofurantoin not given to treat pyelonephritis
this antibiotic is specific to the bladder so won’t help with systemic infections
what investigations are carried out for a suspected UTI
urine dipstick, MUS culture, antibiotic sensitivity testing, visual urine inspection
when would the leukocyte esterase be raised in a dipstick test
due to the presence of WBC indicating infection or inflammation
when would the nitrites be raised in a dipstick test
in the presence of bacteria
what is the sensitivity and specificity of a urine dipstick test
- high sensitivity as it picks up small amounts of substances
- low specificity as it can’t diagnose
how does TB affect the urinary tract
goes through the blood to the kidneys where is causes calcification, formation of caseous masses and abscesses
the infection can then spread down the ureters and bladder causing fibrosis and strictures
what does schistosomiasis do to the urinary tract
causes cystitis, calcification of the bladder and bladder cancer
what systemic infections can cause glomerulonephritis
- post-infectous glomerulonephritis
- hepatitis
- endocarditis
what is ureteric reflux
where urine goes back from the bladder into the ureters
what neurological problems can cause an increased chance of glomerulonephritis
incomplete emptying of the bladder as it leads a residual urine - this stasis causes infection
what types of obstruction could lead to a UTI
enlarged prostrate, pregnancy, stones, tumours
why are women more likely to get a to get a UTI then males
shorter urethra